Download Discovering Psychology 2e Summary of Changes

Discovering Psychology 2e
Don H. Hockenbury & Sandra E. Hockenbury
Worth Publishers
Overall Changes
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New, more pedagogical layout and design. Chapter outline, Concept Reviews, and
Advanced Organizers are more prominent and easier to use
Updated throughout, with many examples of new research, new prologues, new boxes,
new discussions, new Concept Reviews
Over 500 new references, most from the late 1990s or 2000
Revised and expanded supplements package, including the 2nd edition of the Scientific
American Frontiers Teaching Modules with faculty guide written by Don & Sandy
Hockenbury; enhanced and improved Discovering Psychology Web Companion site,
Student Activity CD-ROM
List of Changes in Chapters 1 through 14
Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods
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New Prologue: “Wired for Wolfgang?”
Added more historical material on Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener and structuralism
Added coverage of Margaret Floy Washburn
Reorganized presentation of contemporary psychology
More thorough presentation of psychological perspectives
Added coverage of the evolutionary perspective
Reorganized discussion of methodology: descriptive methods now precedes experimental
methods
Expanded discussion of survey research and random selection
New cross-cultural examples of naturalistic observation
Completely revised section on the experimental method using 1999 study on the Mozart
Effect to illustrate experimental process and concepts
Refined definitions of independent and dependent variables
New example of placebo control group using study conducted aboard the space shuttle
Added coverage of natural experiments
New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box: “What is a Pseudoscience?” Discusses the
characteristics of a pseudoscience and provides students with a framework for developing
scientific thinking skills
Updated In Focus Box 1.4 on research using nonhuman animals
Revised and updated chapter Application: "Evaluating Mass Media Reports about
Psychology"
Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes
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Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Added definition of neuroscience
New figure showing relationship of glial cells to neurons
Description of myelin's role in multiple sclerosis
Updated research on effects of neurotransmitters, including role of GABA in regulating
sleep/wake cycles
Added contemporary example of role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease (Michael J. Fox)
Expanded coverage of discovery and importance of endorphins
Added coverage of role of the adrenal glands in human stress response
New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box 2.1, “Phrenology: The Bumpy Road to Scientific
Progress”
Updated discussion of brain-imaging techniques, including new CAT scan image and new
functional MRI scan showing nicotine’s effect on the brain.
New section, “The Developing Brain: New Neurons Throughout Life?” presents current
research findings on neurogenesis in the adult primate brain, including photo showing new
neurons in adult human hippocampus
New In Focus Box, “The Puzzle of the Left-Hander”
New, more detailed summary figure showing specialized abilities of cerebral hemispheres
Revised and updated chapter application on enriched environments and structural plasticity
of the brain
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Revised figure explaining the basic processes of sensation and perception
New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box: "Subliminal Perception" (Discusses psychology’s
long-standing interest in subliminal perception; contrasts scientific findings on subliminal
perception with pseudoscientific claims of producing profound behavioral changes using
subliminal tapes and subliminal messages in advertising.)
Reorganized section on the retina, rods and cones, and the blind spot
Expanded presentation of brain structures involved in vision, including a new figure that
shows the neural pathways from the eye to brain and optic chiasm
New figure depicting olfactory system, with more detail on structure of olfactory receptor
cells and brain structures involved in olfaction
Updated and revised In Focus Box 3.2, “Do Pheromones Influence Human Behavior?”
highlighting the latest research findings on human pheromones
Updated discussion on taste receptors, incorporating 2000 research on the discovery of a new
basic taste receptor (umami, or glutamate)
New discussion of bottom-up processing and top-down processing in perception
Reorganized discussion of perceptual principles
Reorganized and updated discussion of perceptual illusions, incorporating 2000 research on
the moon illusion
Reorganized section on the effects of experience on perceptual interpretations
Revised Culture and Human Behavior Box: "Culture and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The
Carpentered World Hypothesis"; also added photo
Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes
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Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations
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New Prologue: “A Scream in the Night”
New coverage of research suggesting that humans may have photoreceptors in the skin
New coverage of circadian rhythms in the blind
Updated Science Versus Pseudoscience Box on Biorhythms Versus Circadian Rhythms
New material in In Focus Box 4.3, “What You Really Want to Know About Sleep"
Added new research on physical effects of inadequate sleep
Reorganized section on sleep disorders, with increased coverage of insomnia
Added 1998 National Sleep Foundation Survey on prevalence of sleep disorders
Added coverage of treatments for insomnia, including stimulus control
New findings on genes involved in narcolepsy
Added new sections on “The Brain During REM Sleep” and “REM and Memory
Consolidation”; presented new neuroscience research on brain areas active during REM sleep
and the importance of REM sleep to memory consolidation and skill learning
New research on gender, culture, and dream content
New neuroscience findings on why dreams are not remembered
Added coverage of Allan Hobson’s recent revision of the activation-synthesis model of
dreaming
Added discussion of cognitive approach to explaining dreaming (research by David Foulkes
and William Domhoff).
Updated Critical Thinking Box 4.4., “Hypnosis: A Special State of Consciousness?”,
including new research by Kirsch and Lynn, 1998; Woody & Sadler, 1998; and Kihlstrom,
1998.
Added material on defining drug abuse, including cultural and ethnic influences on norms of
drug use
New data on the dangers and prevalence of binge-drinking among college students
New table on behavioral effects of blood alcohol levels
Added material on caffeine and nicotine’s effects on the brain
Added new findings on role of anandamide and THC receptors in brain and skin
Chapter 5: Learning
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Chapter completely reorganized so that it better reflects the way most instructors teach
learning. All aspects of classical conditioning, including cognitive and evolutionary aspects,
are presented in a continuous fashion. Same for operant conditioning.
New section, “From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism”
Added new research on effectiveness of classical conditioning techniques in advertising in In
Focus Box 5.1, "Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising"
Expanded coverage on Edward L. Thorndike and the Law of Effect
Observational Learning is now a separate, main section
Added coverage of new research demonstrating observational learning in nonhuman animals
Numerous minor revisions throughout the chapter to clarify explanations.
Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes
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Chapter 6 • Memory
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Reorganized section on Long-Term Memory
New figure depicting the role of sensory and short-term memory in the memory
system model, illustrating maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
Added new section: “Implicit and Explicit Memory: Two Dimensions of Long-Term
Memory”
New figure showing the types of long-term memory, including implicit and explicit
Condensed discussion of the context effect in memory
Updated information about the role of memory distortion in eyewitness identification
resulting in wrongful convictions
Updated and revised Critical Thinking Box 6.2, “Recovering ‘Repressed’ Memories
of Childhood Sexual Abuse”
Added photographs of Karl Lashley and Richard Thompson; new photo of Eric
Kandel
Updated discussion of the biological basis of memory
New section: “Implicit and Explicit Memory in Anterograde Amnesia”, with specific
reference to H. M.
New section on infantile amnesia: “Infantile Amnesia: Parallels with H. M.?”
New section on “Brain Structures Involved in Memory” – updated and expanded
discussion, presenting new information about the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory
New figure depicting brain structures involved in human memory
Expanded and updated discussion of Alzheimer’s disease
Chapter 7 • Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Added more references to Prologue (“Mr. And Ms. Fix-It”) throughout chapter
discussion
Updated Critical Thinking Box 7.1, “The Persistence of Unwarranted Beliefs”
Reorganized description of the characteristics of language
Added material to Culture and Human Behavior Box 7.2, “The Effect of Language on
Perception” regarding new research on the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Updated research on animal cognition and language in nonhuman species
Reorganized section on “Measuring Intelligence” – more concise
Updated In Focus Box 7.3, “Does A High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?”
An update of Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences: includes his 1998
research adding a new intelligence (Naturalist); and new examples.
Revised description of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, using Sternberg’s
new terminology and examples from the Prologue
Added new material explaining current thinking on gene-environment interaction
New figure on genetics, environment, and IQ scores, with more complete data
Updated research on the "Flynn effect"
Added new material on effect of culture on intelligence testing
Added new material on Claude Steele’s research on stereotype threat and testing
In the chapter Application, “A Workshop on Creativity,” incorporated new research
on extrinsic motivation and creativity
Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes
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Chapter 8 • Motivation and Emotion
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New introduction defines motivation more clearly and discusses the relationship
between motivation and emotion
Updated research on gender and eating disorders
New Culture and Human Behavior Box, "Evolution and Mate Preferences: Why
There's Just 'No Security" With Mick"
Revised In Focus Box, “Everything You Wanted To Know About Sexual Fantasies”
Added new material on sexual orientation, including relationship of cross-gender
behavior in childhood to homosexual orientation in adulthood
Updated research on sexual behavior of American adults, including new data on
incidence of adultery
Added new 1999 findings on prevalence of sexual problems in general population
Updated research on culture and achievement motivation
Revised Culture and Human Behavior Box, “Who’s More Emotional—Men or
Women?”, incorporating new research on gender differences in emotional expression
Added new research on relationship of self-efficacy to work-related performance
Application on “Bridging the Gender Gap During Emotional Conflict” is updated and
revised
Chapter 9 • Lifespan Development
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New Prologue
Revised description of influence of genes on development
More concise discussion of criticisms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Added photo of Renee Baillargeon
New Culture and Human Behavior Box on “Conflict Between Adolescents and Their
Parents” in different cultures and among members of different ethnic groups
New figure on historical trends regarding median age at first marriage incorporating
the latest census data
Updated figure on the structure of American families and households, incorporating
the latest census data
Chapter 10 • Personality
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Expanded discussion of Karen Horney's theory of personality
New examples in Critical Thinking Box 10.1, “Freud Versus Rogers on Human
Nature” and Critical Thinking Box 10.2, “Freud Versus Bandura on Human
Aggression”
Added new cross-cultural research on trait theories and the five-factor model of
personality
Updated and more concise discussion of the trait-situation interaction
New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box 10.5, "Graphology: The 'Write' Way to
Assess Personality?"
Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes
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Chapter 11 • Social Psychology
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Updated research throughout chapter
New figure showing the components of attitudes
New section on nonconscious prejudice
More concise presentation of principles of persuasion in chapter Application
Chapter 12 • Stress, Health, and Coping
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Added formal definition for the biopsychosocial model
Added material on updates to Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Added new material on gender and daily hassles
Added new research on "bad hair days" and stress
New research findings on chronic stress and susceptibility to infection
Added new example of positive reappraisal coping strategy (Christopher Reeve)
Chapter 13 • Psychological Disorders
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Numerous research updates throughout chapter
Introduction includes new material on the distinction between “normal” and
“abnormal” behavior
Revised and updated In Focus Box 13.1, "Are People With a Mental Illness as
Violent as the Media Portray?"
Revised summary table describing key diagnostic categories in DSM-IV
New research on gender differences in prevalence of major depression
Added PET scans showing brain areas activated in bipolar disorder
Reorganized and more concise presentation of dissociative disorders
New section on Personality Disorders, with detailed coverage of antisocial
personality disorder and borderline personality disorder
New example of major depression (Kurt Cobain)
Added new research findings on the viral infection explanation of schizophrenia
Chapter 14 • Therapies
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Revised Table 14.1, “Who’s Who Among Mental Health Professionals,” to include
additional categories
Added new research on effectiveness of psychotherapy
Updates on biological therapies section, including new atypical antipsychotic
medications
Updated description of lithium and its mechanism of action
Updated discussion of new SSRIs