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Transcript
Italian Renaissance 1400-1600 Origins The Renaissance first began in Italy. People developed new attitudes about themselves and the world around them. Signaled the beginning of modern times. Italian preservation of ancient Rome encouraged advancements in artistic and architectural realms. Humanism and its effects An interest in classical learning that expressed classical style. Humanism focused on secular (worldly) themes rather than on religious ideas that dominated the middle ages. Humanists believed education could improve individuals lives. The focus was on humanities (Greek, Latin, history and philosophy)…subjects taught in ancient times. New forms of literature focused on personal feelings ex. Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) wrote sonnets that expressed love. Other notable writers include: Giovanni Boccaccio (Decameron), Benvenuto Cellini (The Book of the Courtier) and Niccolo Machiavelli (The Prince). City Life and Government of Florence Independent and walled in. Social hierarchy: (wealthy merchants and bankers, shop keepers and artisans, town dwellers and peasants). Italy did not have one single government rather individual city-states were ruled by wealthy families (ex. Medici family of Florence) and were patrons of the arts. Sometimes Signori (dictators) were used when social unrest was rampant. Condottieri were hired soldiers used when the citizen army was not enough to quell unrest. …other major cities Rome Venice Ruled by the pope and the cardinals Large churches and palaces constructed to display church prestige. Church placed political goals ahead of religious duties Promoted artistic projects and commissioned major artists. Experienced political stability. Governed by an elected doge (leader) Wealthy merchants formed a Council of Ten (passed laws and elected the doge) Trading city linking Europe and Asia. Renaissance Architecture During the Renaissance architects returned to the classical style. Domes and columns replaced medieval arches. Adorned buildings with tapestries, paintings, statues and glass windows. Famous architect Fillipo Brunelleschi designed and completed the Cathedral of Florence in 1436. The cathedral was a marvel because of its massive dome. Renaissance Sculpture Reflected a return to classical ideals Free standing figures in bronze or marble Famous sculptors included Michelangelo, Donatello, and Ghiberti Examples of Michelangelo (La Pieta and sculpture of David) Sculpture Continued… Donatello sculpture of Saint Mark and David Ghiberti sculpture of The Gates of Paradise Renaissance Painting focused on a realistic style, captured emotions, painted on frescos, employed light and perspective some famous painters included Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Rafael Sanzio da Urbino Mona Lisa The Virgin (or Madonna) of the Rocks Da Vinci continued.. The Last Supper Michelangelo Last Judgment of Christ Ancestors of Christ Raphael Vatican The School of Athens Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo, Donatello The Northern Renaissance In 1494 France invaded Italy and became fascinated by Italian Renaissance art and style Leonardo Da Vinci traveled to France and promoted Renaissance ideas Many northern Europeans traveled to Italy to study with Italian masters. Ideas were spread with the development of the printing press in 1456 by Johannes Gutenberg. Various northern cultures adapted ideas to suit their own needs and traditions. The French Renaissance French architects blended Medieval Gothic towers and windows with the classical arches used by Italian architects and created the chateaux. Northern European Renaissance Was accepted by the wealthy towns of Germany and the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands). Promoted humanist learning but had more religious overtones. Christian humanists wanted reforms in Catholicism that would eliminate abuses and restore the simple piety of the early Church. Famous people of the northern Renaissance include William Shakespeare (author of several plays) Desiderius Erasmus (Christian humanist) Northern European painters Jan Van Eyck-Flemish Painter- The Arnolfini Marriage and Angels Interesting facts about the Renaissance Michelangelo’s famous painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel took four years to complete and consists of over 300 figures. Contrary to popular belief, Michelangelo completed most of the painting in a standing position painfully looking up at the ceiling, not lying down on a scaffold. Considered the quintessential “Renaissance Man,” Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, mathematician, engineer, and anatomist. One of the foremost families of the Renaissance, the Medicis produced three popes and several rulers of Florence. The family was also a strong patron of the arts and sciences: Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, and Galileo all benefited from Medici patronage. During the Renaissance, Italy consisted of 250 separate states, most of which were ruled by a appointed individuals or families. The smallest of these city-states had a population of less than 5,000 people; the largest, such as Venice and Milan, had 100,000 people. Italy did not become a unified nation until the nineteenth century. In many ways, the innovations of the Renaissance were Europeans’ way of recovering from the calamities of the fourteenth century, which included famines, The Hundred Years War, and the Black Plague.