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Living Environment Glossary Vocabulary Word Abiotic Acid Rain Acquired Characteristic Active Immunity Active Transport Adhesion Adrenal Gland Aerobic Respiration AIDS Alimentary Canal Algae Allele Alveoli Amino Acid Anaerobic Respiration Analogous Structure Definition nonliving parts in an organism's environment (rock, pH, sunlight, temperature) rain that has a low pH that is harmful to the environment - caused by pollution SO2 and NOx a trait acquired during an organisms lifetime; example: tattoo when the body makes its own antibodies by getting sick or receiving a vaccine movement of materials across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy the molecular force of attraction between unlike molecules secretes adrenaline to respond to stressful situations form of respiration that requires oxygen and produces 36 ATP per molecule of glucose a disease resulting from getting the HIV (a virus) which destroys ones immune system Mouth -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine -> Rectum -> Anus photosynthetic aquatic organisms; resembles a plant any form of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that is responsible for hereditary variation. " One letter" air sacs found in the lungs that are responsible for gas exchanged between the capillaries and the lungs the building blocks of proteins; excess is excreted in urine form of respiration that does not require oxygen and produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose different structure, same function; does not show close common ancestry Antibiotic Antibody a chemical that is used to fight off bacterial infections molecules that organisms produce to defend against pathogens; attach to specific antigen Antigen a protein located on a pathogen that stimulates the body to produce antibodies Aorta Arteries Asexual Reproduction ATP largest artery in the body carries blood away from the heart involves one parent; no variation; body cells a substance produced by organisms to be used as energy; Adenosine triphosphate receives blood from the body and lungs An organism at the bottom of the food web which can produce its own food. Atrium Autotroph/Producer Picture Bacterial Resistance B-Cell Binary Fission Biodiversity when a group of bacteria have a trait that makes them resistant to antibiotics used to combat bacterial infection WBC that makes shape specific antibodies against specific pathogens reproduction in bacteria, the bacteria divides into two individuals that have identical genetic information. Variation of of living organisms in a specific location; increases stability Biomagnification pesticides and heavy metals accumulate as you move up the food chain; thus organisms that feed at the top of the food chain have a higher chance of contamination (tuna, humans) Biotic Bladder Bronchi Budding living parts in an organisms environment (predators, prey, plants) stores urine for excretion branched tubes that bring air to both lungs Asexual reproduction. The cell splits in two with equal genetic information but unequal amounts of cytoplasmic material. Cancer a group of harmful cells (tumor) that invades healthy cells; able to be spread through blood stream; uncontrolled mitosis center for diffusion of substances between the blood and the cells an organic compound obtained from grains commonly used as a source of energy; example of monosaccharide is glucose, example of polysaccharide is starch the circulation of carbon atoms in the biosphere as a result of photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide into complex organic compounds by plants, which are consumed by other organisms: the carbon returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration, decay by fungi, bacteria, and combustion of fossil fuels. Capillaries Carbohydrate Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide (CO2) waste molecule of cellular respiration that is taken in by plants Carrying Capacity the greatest number of species in a population that an ecosystem can support Catalyst a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction; biological catalyst = enzyme the life history of a cell Cell Cycle Cell Membrane a boundary on every cell that is selectively permeable and regulates what substances enter and exits Cell Plate cell wall reforms after mitosis in plant cells Cell Theory 1. All cells come from preexisting cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3. Organisms are made up of one or more cells. provides structure for the cell. Only found in plant cells. Cell Wall Cellular Respiration Centriole a life function where gas exchange occurs in order to make ATP (water+carbon dioxide+light energy --> glucose+oxygen+water) aids in mitosis of animal cells Cerebellum part of the brain that control coordination, balance, and movement Cerebrum part of the brain that controls thoughts, memory, interpretation etc. Chemical Digestion digestion that requires the presence of enzymes Chlorophyll Green pigment found in the chloroplast of a plant. Chloroplast an organelle only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll; carries out photosynthesis CHON Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Chromosome structures in nucleus that contain genetic information Classification To put into groups. Classification of living things Cleavage/ Rapid Mitosis Climate Change/Global Warming Climax Community a way that cells replicate (usually describing the formation of body cells or microorganism reproduction); the division of one cell into two identical cells gradual change in climate due to increase concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere A stable community with a balance of living and nonliving factors. Cloning Copying of cells. CNS Central Nervous System Co-Dominance Both alleles are seen in the phenotype. "You see both" Codon 3 bases found on mRNA that codes for one amino acid in a protein Cohesion Commensalism the molecular force of attraction between like molecules Symbiotic relationship between two organisms. +/0 Comparative Biochemistry Complimentary Comparing DNA through gel electrophoresis; best form of evidence supporting evolution because it cannot be influenced by the environment fit together A-T G-C Concentration Gradient Control Group the gradual difference in concentration found on either side of a membrane group in an experiment that does not contain the Independent Variable Coronary Circulation blood circulation around the heart Covalent Bond the bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms. Crossing Over when homologous chromosome embrace and exchange genetic information during meiosis Cytokinesis splitting of the cytoplasm Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection Data Table organizes data; IV on the left, DV on the right Deciduous Forest biome that experiences the seasons and trees drop their leaves in the fall Decomposer Deforestation Denature an organism that obtains its food from dead organisms (many bacteria) the destruction of forests (logging) change shape Dependent Variable measurable data collected during an experiment Desert transitional biome that is found on the leeward side of a mountain and receives very little precipitation muscle that controls breathing Diaphragm Dichotomous Key Diffusion Diploid Cell DKPCOFGS DNA a key used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions of two distinguishing characters, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is identified the movement of materials across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; does not require energy Having two sets of chromosomes. A pair. Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum-> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species the hereditary material of all living organisms; the instruction for all characteristics and functions; made up of subunits Dominant Allele allele that will be expressed when present Dynamic Equilibrium fluctuation around balance Egestion removal of undigested waste Electrons Embryo Emulsification negatively charged particles found in a cloud outside of the nucleus of an atom beginning stages of development following the formation of a zygote to break larger groups into smaller groups to increase surface area Enzyme a protein that is necessary for all chemical reactions to occur Eukaryote complex cells that contain a nucleus; example: plant, animal, fungi, protists Eutrophication Excretion an abundant accumulation of nutrients that support a dense growth of algae and other organisms, the decay of which depletes the shallow waters of oxygen Changes that occur over time to organisms. This can cause the change of genetic information. Certain traits can be lost. The process of removing cellular wastes from an organism. Experimental Group group in an experiment that contains the Independent Variable External Fertilization sperm and egg meet outside of the body Extinction Feedback the death of every individual of a particular species when there is a change in the environment, an organisms is stimulated to produce a change in itself in order to maintain homeostasis Finite Resource Fluid Mosaic Model resources that are limited which will eventually run out model of the cell membrane that contains a bilipid layer with random receptor and transport protein scattered throughout Fossil Record evidence supporting evolution that shows species that are now extinct but show similarities to species that are still alive today technique for separating DNA molecules of varying sizes in a mixture by moving them through a block of gel, by means of an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore farther than larger ones. Evolution Gel Electrophoresis Gene Genetic Engineering Genotype Gland segment of chromosome that has the genetic information for a trait (the human genome project has identified every gene in the human) to manipulate genes; similar to biotechnology and recombinant gene technology the combination of genes that represent a particular trait. “The letters.” organ of the endocrine system that secretes hormones into the bloodstream Glucose simple carbohydrate necessary for the production of ATP; also represented as C6H12O6 G-Phase Graph growth phase of a cells life a diagram representing a system of connections or interrelations among two or more things by a number of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc. a transitional biome that is found between a desert and a forest destruction or fragmentation of an area that supports living organisms sex cells with 1/2 as many chromosomes as normal cell that combine to form a zygote during fertilization (sperm or egg) 4 chambered muscle that pumps blood around the body enzyme that unzips DNA protein found in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen throughout the body an organism that obtains its energy from other organisms (most animals) having two different alleles for a specific trait. Grassland Habitat Loss Haploid Cell Heart Helicase Hemoglobin Heterotroph/Consumer Heterozygous Homeostasis Homologous Chromosome Homologous Structure maintaining a constant internal environment two chromosomes that contain the same genetic information Homozygous having two of the same alleles for a specific trait Hormone chemical substances (proteins) that are secreted from glands to maintain homeostasis Incomplete Dominance sharing of alleles. Both alleles are seen in the phenotype. “Blending” Independent Assortment chromosomes can line up in different orders every time they go through meiosis the change that is being tested in the experimental group a substance that changes color in the presence of another substance; example: iodine when one organism is dependent upon another organism for survival sperm and egg meet inside the body nerve cell found in the spinal cord that prevents communication with the brain during emergency situations attraction between two ions Individual -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere a picture of the full set of chromosomes arranged by size and shape Independent Variable Indicator Interdependence Internal Fertilization Interneuron Ionic Bond IPCEB Karyotype same structure, different function; shows common ancestry Kidney Lactic Acid Lamarck Large Intestine Law of Dominance Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation Left Side of the Heart Lipase/Protease/Amylase Lipid Liver Mechanical Digestion Medulla Meiosis Menstrual Cycle Mitochondria filters waste out of the blood for excretion waster product of anaerobic respiration came up with the idea that organisms adapted to their environment through acquired characteristics obtained during their lifetime. absorbs water and prepares waste for egestion one trait will dominant over the other different traits are inherited independently of each other alleles separate during gamete formation and recombine during fertilization receives oxygenated blood from the lungs that is then pumped to the body digestive enzymes made up of glycerol and fatty acids; used for energy storage, protection and insulation detoxifies blood, makes bile and urea the process of breaking down food. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth. part of the brain that control involuntary actions a way that cells replicate (usually describing the formation of gametes); the division of one cell into four cells, each with 1/2 as many chromosomes as the original cell; daughter cells have variation mature the egg -> release the egg-> build the lining -> release the lining cell organelle involved with the production of energy (ATP); there are many of these per animal cell Monomer/Building Block one unit Motor Neuron M-Phase mRNA nerve cell that communicates movement to muscle cells mitosis sends the instructions to build a specific protein from the DNA to the ribosome a relationship in which both organism benefit. +/+ Mutualism Mutation Natural Selection Neuron Neurotransmitter Neutrons Niche Niche Overlap Nitrogen Bases Nitrogen Cycle an error in the DNA code, thus changing a specific trait or characteristic (sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis) those species that have the most adaptive traits for an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce nerve cell any chemical substance that sends a signal form nerve cell to nerve cell neutral component found in the nucleus of an atom an organisms job or role in its ecosystem; when two niches overlap, there may be competition for resources when organisms share the same niche competition increases A, T, C, G = genetic code the continuous sequence of events by which atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds in the soil are converted, as by nitrification and nitrogen fixation, into substances that can be utilized by green plants, the substances returning to the air and soil as a result of the decay of the Non-Disjunction Nucleotide plants when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis; can lead to chromosomal mutations – downs syndrome building block of DNA that consists of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base Nucleus cell organelle containing the genetic material (only one of these in each cell) Organ System a group of organs that work together to complete a specific task (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines are organs which make up the digestive system) different structures within each cell that perform specific tasks (mitochondria, vacuole, nucleus) compounds that contain, among others, carbon and hydrogen - all living things diffusion of water female reproductive unit that produces and releases eggs (normal women have two ovaries) Organelle Organic Compound Osmosis Ovaries Ovulation Oxygen (O2) development and release of egg into the fallopian tube waste molecule excreted by plants and inhaled by animals Ozone Depletion reducing the amount of ozone (O3) in the ozone layer; caused by CFCs Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive system and insulin into the bloodstream a feeding relationship where only one organism benefits. +/- Parasitism Passive Immunity Passive Transport Pathogen Pedigree Penis Peppered Moth Peristalsis Pesticide Resistance pH Phagocyte/Macrophage Phenotype Photosynthesis when and individual temporarily received antibodies from another individual; breast feeding the movement of materials across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; does not require energy any organism that causes harm to another (virus, bacteria) chart that tracks genetic traits through multiple generations male reproductive organs that aids in internal fertilization during the industrial revolution particulate matter settled on trees creating an environmental pressure that favored dark moths over white moths muscle contraction that pushes food through the alimentary canal when a group of insects have a trait that makes them resistant to harmful chemicals added to plants to kill insects that are destroying the plants a measure of something to determine if it is more acidic or basic (scale of 1-->14, 1= most acidic, 7= neutral, 14=most basic) WBC that engulfs tagged pathogens what the organism looks like. The observable traits from the genotype. a process occurring in plants (water+carbon dioxide+light energy --> glucose+oxygen+water) Pioneer Organism Placenta first organism to settle an area after a natural disaster or human impact the organ in most mammals, formed in the lining of the uterus that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products through the process of diffusion PMAT PNS Polarity Polymer stages of mitosis Prophase -> Metaphase-> Anaphase -> Telophase Peripheral Nervous System uneven distribution of charge in a water molecule many units Polypeptide Predator/Prey Relationship Primary Succession protein Predator - an organism that feeds on prey Prey- an organisms that is eaten by predators; keeps population numbers in check during succession soil is no longer intact and has to be broken down from rock; example volcanic eruption simple cell that does not contain a nucleus; example bacteria organic compound made up of amino acids (hormones, enzymes, antibodies) used for growth and repair in the body positively changed component found in the nucleus of an atom movement of blood around the lungs shows how genes combine. shows the probability of genotypes. biome located at the equator that has a lot of precipitation and highest level of biodiversity Red Blood Cell - transports oxygen to the cells needed substances are placed back into the bloodstream hidden trait, two recessive traits will show that trait. bacterial DNA that has been genetically engineered to contains human and bacterial DNA Prokaryote Protein Protons Pulmonary Circulation Punnett Square Rain Forest RBC Reabsorption Recessive Allele Recombinant DNA Reflex Arc Regeneration Regulation Replication sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron growth of an organism form a lost limb through mitosis to keep in control. To copy Restriction Enzyme cuts DNA Ribosome cell organelle where the synthesis (formation) of proteins occur Right Side of the Heart receive deoxygenated blood from the body that is then pumped to the lungs single stranded photocopy of DNA Genus species during succession soil is intact and does not have to be broken down from rock; example forest fire environmental pressure that drives natural selection RNA Scientific Name Secondary Succession Selecting Factor Selective Breeding an example of biotechnology where humans pick and choose the result (breeding pure-bred dogs) “ Select a mate for a given trait!” Semen whitish fluid produced in the male reproductive organs in order to provide a liquid medium for transportation of the sperm during fertilization Sensory Neuron nerve cell that detects changes in the environment Sex-Linked trait that is located on the sex-determine chromosomes Sexual Reproduction usually requires a male and female parent; there is variation in genetic code of offspring Skin protective organ found on the outer surface of the body Small Intestine final stage of digestion and nutrient absorption into the bloodstream Somatic Cell body cell Specialized/Differentiated cell that has been assigned a specific job, does not have access to all of the Cell DNA S-Phase DNA synthesis, replication Starch carbohydrate polymer Stomach liquefies food Stomata/Guard Cell located on plants which regulate the intake and excretion of water and gases in order to maintain homeostasis Substrate Symbiosis Systemic Circulation Taiga T-Cell Testes substance the enzyme acts on relationship between organisms blood circulation around the body biome that is very cold and has needle leaved trees WBC that temporarily fights off pathogens male reproductive organs that produce sperm cells Trachea Transport tRNA Tundra Umbilical Cord Uracil Uterus windpipe movement of substances around the cell or body transfers amino acids to the ribosome biome that has permanently frozen soil "extension cord" between the baby and the placenta in RNA A-U reproductive organ where the developing embryo is implanted Vaccine a small dose or weakened amount of a specific virus that is injected to prepare the immune system to fight a specific disease organelle responsible for storage birth canal structures that prevent back flow of blood a change from the original; usually refers to sexual reproduction carries blood towards the heart largest vein in the body pumps blood up and out of the heart a pathogen whose only life function is to use a host to replicate Vacuole Vagina Valves Variation Veins Vena Cava Ventricle Virus Water Cycle WBC the circulation of the earth's water, in which water evaporates from the sea into the atmosphere, where it condenses and falls as rain or snow, returning to the sea by rivers or returning to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration white blood cell - fights infection Womb X Chromosome Y Chromosome Zygote uterus- where the baby develops XX girl XY boy a fertilized egg cell that is formed when two gametes join