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US History Fort Burrows The Civil War 17.1 -- The Conflict Takes Shape READ pgs 484 –489 Presidents: 1st 1789 2nd 1797 3rd 1801 4th 1809 5th 1817 6th 1825 7th 1829 8th 1837 9th 1841 10th 1841 11th 1845 12th 1849 13th 1850 14th 1853 15th 1857 16th 1861 17th 1865 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1797 1801 1809 1817 1825 1829 1837 1841 1841 1845 1849 1850 1853 1857 1861 1865 1869 2 terms 1 term 2 terms 2 terms 2 terms 1 term 2 terms 1 term Died 1 term 1 term Died 1 term 1 term 1 term 2 terms 1 term George Washington - 57 John Adams - 61 Thomas Jefferson - 57 James Madison - 57 James Monroe – 58 John Quincy Adams - 57 Andrew Jackson - 61 Martin Van Buren - 54 William Henry Harrison - 68 John Tyler - 51 James K Polk - 49 Zachary Taylor - 64 Millard Fillmore - 50 Franklin Pierce - 48 James Buchanan - 65 Abraham Lincoln - 52, assassinated in office Andrew Johnson – 50, replaced Lincoln Time Line: 1861 – The 1st major battle of the war takes place at Bull Run on July 21st 1862 – Union gunboats capture New Orleans and Memphis – Great Britain refuses to recognize the Confederacy 1863 – The Battle of Gettysburg ends the Confederate drive into the North – Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation 1864 – General U.S. Grant becomes commander of the Union Army 1865 – General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House 1865 – Can Opener Invented Civil War Amendments – 13th , 14th , & 15th Amendments 13th Amendment – Abolition of Slavery 14th Amendment – Rights of Citizens ( includes ALL freedmen ) 15th Amendment – Voting Rights ( for former slave males ) One definition of democracy might be a system in which the people have a say in how they are governed. If that is the case, the American Civil War is perhaps the one major example in our history of the system breaking down. The North and the South came to blows, in large part because not all “the people”—African American slaves in particular—had a say in how they were governed. Many historians, including B&B 1 of 17.1 of Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows Ranch historians, consider the Civil War to be a major turning point in US History. At no point since, have US citizens been so bitterly divided on issues that they have taken up arms against one another. The war’s legacy is a strong federal government, but one that still struggles to achieve true equality for all its citizens. Main Idea: Although both sides believed that their cause was just, the North had important advantages at the start of the war. Vocabulary: racism -- the belief that one race is by nature superior to another border state -- slave state that remained in the Union during the civil war martial law -- ruled by the army instead of the elected government Setting the Scene: President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve as soldiers in a campaign against the South. The term of enlistment was only 90 days—most northerners believed that the war would be over quickly. In the words of one confident Union supporter, “We shall crush out this rebellion as an elephant would trample a mouse.” Southerners were just as convinced that a Confederate victory would be quick. A confederate in North Carolina predicted, “Just throw three or four bombshells among those blue-bellied Yankees and they’ll scatter like sheep.” With flags held high, both northerners and southerners marched off to war. Most felt certain that a single, gallant battle would bring a quick end to the conflict. Few suspected that the Civil War would last four terrible years. By the time fighting was over, every part of American society would be affected by the Civil War. Northern States Southern States Nicknames Blue Bellies Union Yankees 2 of 17.1 of Printer Copy Johnny Reb Grey Backs Rebels , Confederates US History Fort Burrows Name the Confederate States of America. Try to do it in ORDER… __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ A Nation Divided Southerners believed they had a right to leave the Union; the “war for southern independence” Independence so they could keep their traditional way of life HMM! Sounds kinda like what the 13 colonies did 85 years earlier. Northerners had to fight to save the Union; abolishing slavery was not the main issue In fact, many northerners believed in racism; they actually approved of slavery April 1861, eight slave states remained in the Union; these states had half of the South’s population and food crop, cotton is not the issue However, four states quickly joined; North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia note In Western Virginia—there were few slave owners, most people supported the Union; so, when Virginia left the Union, citizens of Western Virginia formed their own government and became a new state in the Union, West Virginia, 1863 The southern border states remained in the Union; Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and in 1863-West Virginia Maryland was very important to the Union because it bordered the nation’s capital of Washington, D.C. Some of the citizens in the border states, supported the South; they attacked Union troops in Baltimore, Maryland President Lincoln declared martial law; many ‘South’ supporters were arrested Resources of the North and South, 1861 100 80 60 North 40 South 20 0 Total Factory Population Production 71% to 29% 91% to 9% 3 of 17.1 of Printer Copy Railroad Farmland Cotton Mileage 75% to 25% Production 71% to 29% 4% to 96% US History Fort Burrows Strengths and Weaknesses South had advantage of fighting a defensive war Confederate President Jefferson Davis, “We seek no conquest…All we ask is to be left alone” The South Southerners were fighting for independence; a.k.a. American Revolution Defending their homeland and way of life Confederate, “Our men must prevail in combat, or they will lose their property, country, freedom – in short, everything” Confederate Advantages: Friendly civilians showed the troops obscure roads that did not appear on maps, Confederate troops used the ‘woods’ throughout the south as cover against the invading Union troops Confederate Disadvantages: Few factories to produce weapons, very limited railroad tracks Political Problems: Heavy emphasis on state’s rights; limited Confederate government authority – example – governor of Georgia insisted only Georgian officers should command Georgian troops Small population, 9 million to 22 million; 3 of the 9 million were slaves Not enough people to serve as soldiers, farmers, machinists, etc. to support the war effort The North Union Advantages: 4:1 population; 22 to 6 million free citizens; more people to grow food, work in factories, replace dead soldiers, etc. Industry was the North’s greatest resource; produced 90% of all the manufactured goods in the US Quickly converted factories to produce guns, bullets, cannons, boots, uniforms, etc. 7 out of every 10 miles of railroad track was in the North: used to move troops and products quickly Strong Navy and large fleet of trading ships; the North controlled the seas -- Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico Union Disadvantages: Northern troops had to conquer huge areas of unfamiliar land Supply lines were long and vulnerable to Confederate attack This was to be a police action; the North did not want to take over land 4 of 17.1 of Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows ¿¿ How would factory production be an advantage for the North ? __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. The War’s Leaders Both sides had strong leaders; North – Abe Lincoln, South – Jefferson Davis Both sides had many strong capable military leaders President Jefferson Davis Davis was thought to be a stronger leader than Lincoln Davis’s experience prepared him for his position “Mr. Davis’s military instincts still predominate, and his eager wish was to have joined the army instead of being elected President.” Arthur James Freemantle, from The Freemantle Diary Attended the United States Military Academy at West Point Officer in the Mexican War Secretary of War for President Pierce Widely respected by his peers; honest and courageous Weakness: Did not allow others to work out the small details of military planning; as a result, he spent much of his time on small matters and arguing with his advisors President Abraham Lincoln He did not have much military or political experience He was patient He became a strong leader and fine war planner He gained respect; mostly through his sense of humor He took criticism with a smile -- Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, called Lincoln a ‘fool’, Lincoln’s comment, “Did Stanton call me a fool? Then I must be one, for Stanton is generally right and he always says what he means.” He also could have a sharp-tongue ¿¿ What were the leadership roles of Jefferson Davis versus Abraham Lincoln ? Davis_____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lincoln___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 5 of 17.1 of Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows Military Leaders United States Army officers, originally form southern states, had to decide whether to stay in the Army and fight against home states or join the Confederate forces Robert E Lee faced this issue when Lincoln, his friend, asked him to be the Union Commander In a letter to Lincoln he responded, “If Virginia stands by the old Union, so will I. But if she secedes…, then I will still follow my native State with my sword and, and if need be, with my life.” Robert E Lee, quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln Virginia did secede and Lee refused Lincoln’s offer An American Profile Robert E Lee came from a distinguished Virginia family. After graduating with honors from West Point, he served in the Army Corps of Engineers. During the Mexican War, his superior officer described him as “the very best soldier I ever saw in the field.” Despite that, Lee hated the horror of war. When the Civil War broke out, Lee was torn between the Union and his home state of Virginia. In the end he chose Virginia. “I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home.” Robert E Lee 1807-1870 Later, Lee became the Commander of the Confederate Army Many of the best officers served the Confederacy Lincoln had trouble finding a General to match those in the South 1. What issues divided the nation when the war began ? Southern__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Northern__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 2. What are the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and South at the beginning of the war ? South_____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ North____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 3. Who were the leaders of each sides of the war ? South; President –_______________________ General – ______________________ North; President –________________ _______ General – ______________________ 6 of 17.1 of Printer Copy