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Bio 2008, Section 4682
Exam 1: Evolution
9/24/02
Please answer the following multiple-choice questions on your scantron bubble sheet. Each
question is worth 4 points unless otherwise noted.
Highlight = difficult question
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The hierarchy of categories in the classification system used today is
division or phylum, kingdom, order, family, class, genus, and species.
division or phylum, kingdom, order, class, family, genus, and species.
division or phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species.
kingdom, division or phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species.
kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following agents of evolution adapts populations to their environment?
Nonrandom mating
Natural selection
Migration
Genetic drift
Mutation
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Earth is approximately __________ years old.
4.6 billion
4.6 trillion
4.6 million
4,600
46 trillion
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Over the long run, mutations are important to evolution because
they are the original source of genetic variation.
once an allele is lost through mutation, another mutation to that same allele cannot occur.
most mutation rates are one in a thousand.
whether good or bad, mutations increase the fitness of an individual.
mutations are usually beneficial to the progeny.
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Stanley Miller showed that, given conditions similar to those of early Earth,
inorganic molecules would react to form organic molecules.
RNA would self-replicate.
organic molecules would form primitive cells.
an oxygen atmosphere would develop.
DNA would be synthesized.
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6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following situations would demonstrate a population bottleneck?
The population of El Paso, Texas, moves to Patagonia.
Eight male and eight female elephant seals survive the wreck of the Exxon Valdez.
A million male orangutans
Six male orangutans collected from a natural population in Sumatra and moved to the San Diego
Zoo
E) None of the above
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Any two structures derived from a common ancestral trait are said to be
analogous.
morphological traits.
biochemical traits.
homologous.
homoplasic.
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
What distinguishes living organisms from nonliving matter?
Living organisms are characterized by the processes of metabolism and reproduction.
Only living organisms change in response to their environment.
Only living organisms are composed of molecules.
Living organisms do not obey physical and chemical laws.
Only living organisms increase in size.
9. Evolutionary biologists believe that all the species present today, along with all the species that
lived in the past, are descended from
A) a single ancestral species.
B) thousands of different origins.
C) one ancestral species per kingdom.
D) one ancestral species per phylum.
E) two or three ancestral species per kingdom.
10. Classification systems serve four important roles. Which of the following is not one of those
roles?
A) To help us remember characteristics of a large number of different things
B) To help us identify shared traits, such as hair, mammary glands, and constant high body
temperature in mammals
C) To reveal the harmony of nature
D) To provide stable, unique, unequivocal names for organisms
E) To help reconstruct evolutionary pathways
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The raw material for evolutionary change is
phenotypic variation.
genetic variation.
geographical variation.
environmentally induced variation.
behavioral variation.
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12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The wing of a bat and the wing of a bird are an example of
divergent evolution.
vertical evolution.
convergent evolution.
a derived trait.
evolutionary reversal.
13.
A)
B)
C)
Rapid speciation is thought to occur among animals with complex behavior patterns because
the timing of reproduction is behaviorally mediated.
behavioral differences usually reflect physiological differences.
those organisms have difficulty identifying members of their own species and often mate with
members of other species.
D) those organisms make sophisticated discriminations among potential mates.
E) those organisms find mates more quickly andefficiently.
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
__________ is the effect produced when a bee carries pollen from one population to another.
Gene flow
Population bottleneck
Founder event
Genetic equilibrium
Assortative mating
15.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
What is the most important factor promoting the cohesion of a species?
Mutation
Natural selection
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Reproduction
16. American and European sycamores have been isolated from one another for at least 20 million
years, but are morphologically very similar and can form fertile hybrids. According to Ernst
Mayr's definition of species, these sycamores should belong to
A) different species because they are geographically isolated.
B) different species because they lack the opportunity to interbreed in nature.
C) different species because they are evolving separately.
D) the same species because they are morphologically similar.
E) the same species because they are capable of forming fertile offspring.
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to prove that
bacterial organisms cannot be killed by heat.
life does not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Earth was really much older than people of the time thought.
the half-life of uranium-238 is 10 billion years.
maggots grow in meat.
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18.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following is a reason why evolutionary radiation is likely to occur on islands?
Islands may have fewer plant and animal groups and thus present more ecological opportunities.
There are many more species on islands.
Many organisms disperse easily over oceans.
Islands have more diverse habitats than docontinents.
Islands tend to have more favorable habitats than continents, due to the moderating effects of the
oceans.
19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Metabolism is
the consumption of energy.
the release of energy.
all conversions of matter and energy taking place in an organism.
the production of heat by chemical reactions.
the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the environment.
20. In referring to an organism in writing, such as in a newspaper, textbook, or lab report, which of
these rules should be followed?
(1) Underline or italicize genus
(2) Underline or italicize species
(3) First letter of species should be uppercase
(4) First letter of genus should be uppercase
A) 1, 2, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4
21.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which mode of speciation is thought to be most important in speciation of large animals?
Polyploidy
Hybrid zonation
Sympatric speciation
Allopatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
22.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A gene pool is all the alleles
of an individual's genotype.
present in a specific population at a given moment.
that occur in a species throughout its evolutionary existence.
that contribute to the next generation of a population.
of a biome.
23. In the Hardy–Weinberg equation, the homozygous dominant individuals in a population are
represented by
A) p2.
B) 2pq.
C) q2.
D) p.
E) q.
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The two graphs below represent phenotypic distribution of a character in a population of organisms over
time. The first curve represents the distribution at an initial sampling time, while the second represents a
sampling of a later generation. (One point each)
24.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The average size of an individual at the initial sampling is __________ units.
5
10
15
20
25
25.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The process illustrated by these graphs is called
stabilizing selection.
directional selection.
disruptive selection.
convergent evolution.
divergent evolution.
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26.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A mutation occurs in one of your lung cells. Which of the following is true?
You have evolved to be better adapted to your environment.
You will soon die because most mutations are lethal.
You will be sterile and no longer be able to have children.
The human species will have evolved because this mutation will be passed on to your children.
This mutation does not affect human evolution because it will not be passed on to your
offspring.
27. One theory about the cause of the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period is that a
large meteorite or asteroid collided with Earth. The proposed ecological effect of this collision is
A) that the impact changed the distance between Earth and the sun enough so that Earth
becamesignificantly cooler.
B) that the collision threw enough dust into the atmosphere to darken the skies and lower
temperatures worldwide.
C) that the impact was like a giant earthquake and caused instantaneous death to most inhabitants
of Earth.
D) that the impact, which occurred in what is now the Caribbean Sea, caused giant tidal waves in
the oceans. When the waves impacted the land, many organisms died.
28.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Evolution of species on Earth
has stopped.
only occurred in the distant past.
occurred after the Cambrian explosion.
has occurred throughout Earth's history and is still underway.
None of the above
29. The excellent fossil record of horses shows that modern horses, which have one toe on each
foot, evolved from ancestors that had multiple toes. A trait like the modern horse's single toe
that differs from the ancestral trait in the lineage is called a(n) __________ trait.
A) derived
B) ancestral
C) morphological
D) biochemical
E) fundamental
30.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Selection acts on __________ however, evolution depends on __________.
phenotypic variation, genetic variation
genetic variation, phenotypic variation
genetic variation, environmentally induced variation
environmentally induced variation, phenotypic variation
environmentally induced variation, genetic variation
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31. Ernst Mayr's definition of species states that species are groups of
A) actually interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.
B) potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.
C) actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from
other such groups.
D) actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are geographically isolated from
other such groups.
E) potentially interbreeding natural populations that are geographically isolated from other such
groups.
Match the following events with the correct geological era or time from the list below. Each choice may
be used once, more than once, or not at all. (Two points each)
a.
Precambrian Time
b.
Paleozoic Era
c.
Mesozoic Era
d.
Cenozoic Era
32. Hominoids appear.
33. The first prokaryotes appear.
34. Land plants appear.
35. After observing that fish live in clean water but not in polluted water, you make the statement,
"polluted water kills fish." Your statement is an example of
A) a controlled experiment.
B) a field experiment.
C) a laboratory experiment.
D) a hypothesis.
E) comparative analysis.
36.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Heterotrophs obtain their energy from
fungi.
water.
other organisms.
vitamins.
heat.
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37.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following questions cannot be answered using the hypothetico-deductive method?
How old are roses?
Are red roses more beautiful than yellow roses?
Why are red roses red?
Do red roses bloom sooner than yellow roses?
Are red roses more susceptible to mildew than yellow roses?
38. Systematists usually employ parsimony in reconstructing a phylogeny. Parsimony involves
arranging the organisms such that
A) the minimal number of changes in traits is postulated in determining the lineage.
B) the maximum number of traits is used in establishing the lineage.
C) molecular information is given priority over other traits in determining the lineage.
D) larval traits are included in establishing the lineage.
E) ancestral traits are given priority over derived traits in determining the lineage.
39. The appearance of multicellular organisms coincided with increased __________ levels in
Earth's atmosphere.
A) sulfur
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) carbon
E) oxygen
40.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Count de Buffon thought the reason pigs have small functionless toes is because
they are evolving toward having functioning toes but have not yet reached the goal.
they have defective toe-producing information in their DNA.
they evolved from ancestors that had functioning toes.
constant parasitization over generations caused the loss of their toes.
All were proposed as possible reasons.
41. Based on the large numbers of offspring produced by many organisms, Darwin proposed that
mortality was high and only a few individuals survived to reproduce. He called the differential
reproductive success of individuals with particular variations
A) evolution.
B) artificial selection.
C) the cell theory.
D) natural selection.
E) inheritance of acquired characteristics.
42.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The biological classification system used today is referred to as
dichotomous taxonomy.
dichotomous nomenclature.
dichotomous keys.
binomial taxonomy.
binomial nomenclature.
Match the following 5 descriptions of speciation with the appropriate terms from the list below. Terms
may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (One point each)
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Geographic speciation
Parapatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Polyploidy
43. Different populations of platyfish live in the rivers of eastern Mexico. The subpopulations living
in different streams have been diverging since an ancestral platyfish colonized all the streams.
Some subpopulations have diverged so much that they cannot interbreed and produce viable
offspring with individuals from other subpopulations. Thus, these populations of platyfish exist
at various stages in the process of _____________________.
44. The red tubular-flowered gilias of western North America are a group of species living in the
Mojave Desert. Originally considered to be a single species, the group now contains five
species: three diploids and two tetraploids (having four sets of chromosomes). These five
species are similar in appearance and are sterile in all interspecific mating combinations.
45. The physical expression of a trait, for example, height or eye color, describes an organism's
________.
A. Genotype
B. Alleles
C. Phenotype
D. Heritable traits
In a population of 200 individuals, 72 are homozygous recessive for the character of eye color (cc). One
hundred individuals from this population die due to a fatal disease. Thirty-six of the survivors are
homozygous recessive. Answer the following questions.
46.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
In the original population, the frequency of the dominant allele is
0.16.
0.36.
0.40.
0.48.
0.60.
47.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
In the new population, the frequency of the dominant allele is
0.16.
0.36.
0.40.
0.48.
0.60.
48.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
How many heterozygous individuals are expected in the new population?
16
36
40
48
60
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49.
A)
B)
C)
The phrase "natural population" is important to the definition of species because
if two populations interbreed only in captivity, they are members of the same species.
if two populations co-occur but do not interbreed in nature, they are separate species.
if two populations do not co-occur, they must be different species because they cannot
interbreed.
D) if two populations can potentially interbreed, they are different species.
E) if two populations interbreed for the first time, their offspring form a new species.
50.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following is a postzygotic isolation mechanism?
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Reduced viability of hybrids
Geographic variation in mating pheromones
Differences in courtship behavior
51.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following is a prezygotic isolation mechanism?
Abnormal meiosis following fertilization
Infertile hybrids
Reduced viability of hybrids
Abnormal mitosis following fertilization
Geographic variation in mating pheromones
52.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following is not true about polyploidy?
Polyploidy is more common in animals than in plants.
Many species of flowering plants arose bypolyploidy.
Animals that speciate by polyploidy are often parthenogenetic.
Polyploidy can create new species quickly if the polyploid individuals can self-fertilize.
Polyploid siblings are capable of reproducing with one another.
53.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Why are biological species not always equivalent to taxonomic species?
Taxonomic species are based on appearance, not reproductive behavior.
Taxonomic species are based on reproductive behavior, not appearance.
Biological species are based on appearance, not reproductive behavior.
The question has a false premise; biological species are always equivalent to taxonomic species.
Biological species are based on genetic information; taxonomic species are based on
ecologicalinformation.
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