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Egypt A REVIEW The Nile River Valley • The Egyptian civilization developed here. • The area had fertile land. • A hot, dry climate • Called the “creator of all good” • World’s longest river • Has dangerous, fast moving waters called cataracts Protected Land • The delta is a fan-shape of fertile land • Barren deserts on either side of the Nile • Deserts kept Egypt isolated from invaders • Egyptian civilization developed peacefully Predictable Floods • Flooding of the Nile River was seasonal • Flooding was predictable • Floods left silt on the land • Farmers used irrigation with basins and canals • Farmers created a shadoof to get water from basins to the canals Writing • Egyptians gathered a reed plant called papyrus • They made think paper from papyrus • They wrote in hieroglyphics • They used symbols that represented sounds • Scribes wrote and read hieroglyphics • Egypt was made up of two kingdoms: upper and lower Egypt • Narmer or Menes was king of Upper Egypt • Menes conquered Lower Egypt and unified Egypt • His capital was Memphis • He was the first of a dynasty which lasted many years • The time periods were divided in Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms • Pharaoh appointed bureaucrats to help govern • A government with the pharaoh as political and religious leader is a theocracy Early Ruler Ruler was known as Pharaoh which meant great house Pharaoh was also the son of Re, the sun god Religion • Egyptians worshipped gods and goddesses • These gods controlled natural forces and human activitiess • The afterlife was even better than life • The Book of the Dead prepared people for the afterlife • Osiris and Isis ruled over the world of the dead • The Pharaoh’s body had to be saved so his soul would have a place to live after death Mummies • Embalming protected bodies for the afterlife • Priests removed the organs • Body was covered in natron which dried up the body • The dried body was wrapped in linen strips • The mummy was then sealed in a coffin and placed in a tomb Pyramids • Great tombs built for Pharaohs • Made of stone blocks • Contained clothing, weapons, furniture, even food • Took thousands of workers to build a pyramid • The largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu • Used more than two million stone blocks Social Groups • People lived according to their occupation • Pharaoh was at the top • Priests and nobles next • Then traders, artisans shop keepers • Farmers and herders • Unskilled workers Egypt’s Empire • A new dynasty came into power • Capital was moved to Thebes • This began the Middle Kingdom • Egypt gained control of Nubia • The arts thrived (tomb paintings, sculptures, carved statues) • Pharaohs no longer had pyramids built but had their tombs cut into limestone cliffs The Hyksos • Some nobles challenged the Pharaoh • Civil war began • The Hyksos swept across the desert into Egypt • They had horse-drawn chariots and weapons made of bronze and iron • They overwhelmed the Egyptian soldiers and took control • The Hyksos ruled Egypt for 100 years • Finally an Egyptian prince named Ahmose formed an army and drove them out of Egypt Hatshepsut • Ahmose founded a new dynasty and Egypt prospered • A queen named Hatshepsut then ruled • She dressed like a male pharaoh so people would accept her • She built magnificent temples and monuments • She promoted trade with Phoenicia The New Kingdom • Pharaoh Amenhotep and his wife Nefertiti tried to change Egypt’s religion • He started a new religion with the worship of Aton the sun god as Egypt’s only god • This caused unrest in the land and Egypt lost most of it’s land in western Asia to invaders King Tut • Tutankhamen was the son of Akhenaton • He became pharaoh at the age of 10 • He ruled for nine years • He died unexpectedly • His death is still a mystery to historians • He is most famous because his tomb was discovered by Howard Carter • This tomb had not been robbed and was full of treasure and Tut’s mummy Ramses II • Also known as Ramses the Great • He conquered the region of Canaan and northern Syria • He ruled for 66 years • He had temples built, the largest was the temple of Karnak • After Ramses II died, Egypt declined • The Libyans conquered Egypt, then the people of Kush, and finally Egypt was taken over by the Assyrians from Mesopotamia The Kingdom of Kush • The Nubians lived in Africa, too • They did not rely on the Nile River • The Nubians formed a kingdom known as Kush • In time, a Kushite king named Kashta invaded Egypt • Kush ruled Egypt for 60 years • The Assyrians invaded Egypt and the Kushites fled south • The Kushites moved to Meroe and it became a trade center for 600 years Do you remember? • Who was responsible for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt? • What was the purpose of the shadoof? • Who ruled Egypt? • What kind of writing did the Egyptians use? • Why did Egyptians build pyramids? • What was Hatshepsut’s main focus? • Name the three time periods of Egypt. • What was the difference in the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? • Explain a theocracy. • Why were pharaohs embalmed? 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