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Egypt
A REVIEW
The Nile River Valley
• The Egyptian civilization developed here.
• The area had fertile land.
• A hot, dry climate
• Called the “creator of all good”
• World’s longest river
• Has dangerous, fast moving waters called cataracts
Protected Land
• The delta is a fan-shape of fertile
land
• Barren deserts on either side of the
Nile
• Deserts kept Egypt isolated from
invaders
• Egyptian civilization developed
peacefully
Predictable Floods
• Flooding of the Nile River was
seasonal
• Flooding was predictable
• Floods left silt on the land
• Farmers used irrigation with basins
and canals
• Farmers created a shadoof to get
water from basins to the canals
Writing
• Egyptians gathered a reed plant
called papyrus
• They made think paper from
papyrus
• They wrote in hieroglyphics
• They used symbols that represented
sounds
• Scribes wrote and read
hieroglyphics
• Egypt was made up of two kingdoms: upper and lower
Egypt
• Narmer or Menes was king of Upper Egypt
• Menes conquered Lower Egypt and unified Egypt
• His capital was Memphis
• He was the first of a dynasty which lasted many years
• The time periods were divided in Old, Middle, and New
Kingdoms
• Pharaoh appointed bureaucrats to help govern
• A government with the pharaoh as political and religious
leader is a theocracy
Early Ruler
Ruler was known as Pharaoh which
meant great house
Pharaoh was also the son of Re, the sun
god
Religion
• Egyptians worshipped gods and goddesses
• These gods controlled natural forces and human activitiess
• The afterlife was even better than life
• The Book of the Dead prepared people for the afterlife
• Osiris and Isis ruled over the world of the dead
• The Pharaoh’s body had to be saved so his soul would have a place to live after
death
Mummies
• Embalming protected bodies for the afterlife
• Priests removed the organs
• Body was covered in natron which dried up the body
• The dried body was wrapped in linen strips
• The mummy was then sealed in a coffin and placed in a tomb
Pyramids
• Great tombs built for Pharaohs
• Made of stone blocks
• Contained clothing, weapons,
furniture, even food
• Took thousands of workers to build
a pyramid
• The largest is the Great Pyramid of
Khufu
• Used more than two million stone
blocks
Social Groups
• People lived according to their
occupation
• Pharaoh was at the top
• Priests and nobles next
• Then traders, artisans shop keepers
• Farmers and herders
• Unskilled workers
Egypt’s Empire
• A new dynasty came into power
• Capital was moved to Thebes
• This began the Middle Kingdom
• Egypt gained control of Nubia
• The arts thrived (tomb paintings, sculptures, carved statues)
• Pharaohs no longer had pyramids built but had their tombs cut into limestone
cliffs
The Hyksos
• Some nobles challenged the Pharaoh
• Civil war began
• The Hyksos swept across the desert into
Egypt
• They had horse-drawn chariots and
weapons made of bronze and iron
• They overwhelmed the Egyptian soldiers
and took control
• The Hyksos ruled
Egypt for 100 years
• Finally an Egyptian prince named Ahmose
formed an army and drove them out of
Egypt
Hatshepsut
• Ahmose founded a new dynasty and
Egypt prospered
• A queen named Hatshepsut then
ruled
• She dressed like a male pharaoh so
people would accept her
• She built magnificent temples and
monuments
• She promoted trade with Phoenicia
The New Kingdom
• Pharaoh Amenhotep and his wife
Nefertiti tried to change Egypt’s
religion
• He started a new religion with the
worship of Aton the sun god as
Egypt’s only god
• This caused unrest in the land and
Egypt lost most of it’s land in
western Asia to invaders
King Tut
• Tutankhamen was the son of
Akhenaton
• He became pharaoh at the age of 10
• He ruled for nine years
• He died unexpectedly
• His death is still a mystery to
historians
• He is most famous because his tomb
was discovered by Howard Carter
• This tomb had not been robbed and
was full of treasure and Tut’s mummy
Ramses II
• Also known as Ramses the Great
• He conquered the region of Canaan
and northern Syria
• He ruled for 66 years
• He had temples built, the largest
was the temple of Karnak
• After Ramses II died, Egypt declined
• The Libyans conquered Egypt, then
the people of Kush, and finally
Egypt was taken over by the
Assyrians from Mesopotamia
The Kingdom of Kush
• The Nubians lived in Africa, too
• They did not rely on the Nile River
• The Nubians formed a kingdom known as Kush
• In time, a Kushite king named Kashta invaded Egypt
• Kush ruled Egypt for 60 years
• The Assyrians invaded Egypt and the Kushites fled south
• The Kushites moved to Meroe and it became a trade center for 600 years
Do you remember?
• Who was responsible for uniting
Upper and Lower Egypt?
• What was the purpose of the
shadoof?
• Who ruled Egypt?
• What kind of writing did the
Egyptians use?
• Why did Egyptians build pyramids?
• What was Hatshepsut’s main focus?
• Name the three time periods of
Egypt.
• What was the difference in the Nile
and the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers?
• Explain a theocracy.
• Why were pharaohs embalmed?
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