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The Greeks: Crucible of
civilisation. First of aseries of 5
narrated by Liam Neeson (9:30)
IN THIS UNIT, YOU WILL…
Learn about the history of Greek civilisation
Learn about the main social, economic and
cultural characteristics of Ancient Greece
Identify the main features of Greek art
Learn about the Greek contribution to western
civilisation
Discuss the origin of democracy
Greek civilisation appeared in the Balkan Peninsula, on
islands in the Mediterranean and in Asia Minor, now
Turkey. Its ancient name was Hellas, and its people
were called Hellenes.
ANCIENT GREECE WAS INFLUENCED
BY ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Valleys were
separated by
mountain chains
Independent states emerged in
each valley and on each island
There were many
islands far from
the continent
SUMMARIZING,
CLIMATE, SEA, VALLEYS AND ISLANDS INFLUENCED ANCIENT GREECE DEVELOPMENT
THE CLIMATE WAS DRY. PEOPLE
LIVED FROM AGRICULTURE,
ANIMAL GRAZING AND FISHING
THE GREEKS WERE MARITIME
PEOPLE AND TRADED WITH
OTHER PEOPLE ACROSS THE
MEDITERRANEAN
CRETAN
CIVILISATION
THERE WERE
SEVERAL
IMPORTANT
PRE-HELLENIC
CIVILISATIONS
MYCENAEAN
CIVILISTAION
THE GREEK CITY
STATES WERE
STABLISHED.
GREECE BEGAN TO
EXPAND ACROSS
THE
MEDITERRANEAN
DARK
AGES
ARCHAIC
PERIOD
CLASSICAL
PERIOD
ANCIENT GREECE
TIMELINE
IT WAS A PERIOD OF
GREAT CULTURAL
ACHIEVEMENT.
ATHENS AND SPARTA
WERE DOMINANT CITY
STATES
HELLENISTIC
PERIOD
ALEXANDER THE
GREAT CONQUERED
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
AFTER HIS DEATH,
THERE WERE SEVERAL
HELLENISTIC
KINGDOMS
FINALLY IT BECAME PART OF ROMAN EMPIRE
THE GREEKS ALL HAD THE SAME CIVILISATION, ALTHOUGH THEY
LIVED IN INDEPENDENT CITIES. THEY SHARED THE SAME…
CULTURE
RELIGIOUS
BELIEFS
LANGUAGE
ART
BETWEEN 3000 AND 1500 BC THE MINOANS WERE A
PROSPEROUS MARITIME AND TRADING CIVILISATION ON THE
ISLAND OF CRETE. THEY LEARNED HOW TO MAKE AND USE
BRONZE. THEY RULED MANY ISLANDS IN THE AEGEAN SEA
BETWEEN 1600 AND 1200 BC THE MYCENAEANS CONTROLLED
MOST OF MAINLAND GREECE. MYCENAEANS SOCIETY WAS
LED BY A WARRIOR ARISTOCRACY. ACCORDING TO GREEK
LEGENDS, THESE WARRIORS FOUGHT THE TROJAN WAR
AFTER BC THE DORIANS, WHO KNEW HOW TO MAKE AND
USE IRON, ENTERED MAINLAND GREECE FROM THE NORTH.
MANY GREEKS WENT TO LIVE ON THE COAST OF ASIA MINOR,
NOW TURKEY, WHERE THEY FOUNDED CITIES
THE PERIOD FROM 1200 BC UNTIL ABOUT 750 BC WAS CALLED
THE DARK AGE. PEOPLE LIVED IN SMALL, ISOLATED
COMMUNITIES, AND LEFT FEW IMPORTANT ARCHA
THE ARCHAIC AGE
THE POLIS
DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE
8TH AND THE 6TH CENTURY
The polis was formed of the main
city and the farming land and
forests around it.
It had its own government army,
laws and currency.
But all the poleis shared the
same culture, religion and
language.
THEY ALSO HAD IN
COMMON:
•The AGORA, or main square,
where political activity and
trading took place.
•The ACROPOLIS, on high land
above the city , where temples
were located
Discuss in groups about the
activities thta took place in
the agora
Explore the
Acropolis from the
Brithis Mueum
THE ARCHAIC AGE
EARLY
GOVERNMENT
Archaic city states were ruled by
an oligarchy, which meant
“government by the few”.
The aristoi (or “best”) formed a
privileged elite, or ARISTOCRACY.
The aristoi were landowners and
military leaders.
There was frequent social
disorder during the 7th and 6th
centuries BC, and this led to
political change. TYRANTS, like
Peisistratos, took power. There
were other important leaders,
like Solon the lawmaker.
The tyrants
THE ARCHAIC AGE
THE GREEK
COLONISATION
DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE
8TH AND THE 6TH CENTURY
Greek expansion led to the
creation of COLONIES
across the Mediterranean
and the Black Sea. there
were many cities or
colonies such as
Syracuse, in Sicily, and
Emporion on the Iberian
Peninsula
CAUSES OF GREEK
COLONISATION
•Land was scarce, and it was
held unequally
•Population growth made it
necessary to find new places for
the extra people
•Colonies created new trading
possibilities
CONSEQUENCES
• economic activity increased
greatly in both city states and
their colonies.
•Greek culture spread into new
regions.
•Some social groups became
wealthier. There were social
changes, and democracy
emerged in the poleis
GREEK COLONISATION
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Peloponnesian War and
Thucydides (12:00)
Pericles and the Delian League
(9:00)
The classical period was the gratest period for the Greek poleis.
Sparta and Athens were the most important
There were also a number of conflicts. The most significant were:
THE GRECO-PERSIAN
WARS (MEDIAN WARS)
They were at the beginning of the
fifth century BC when the Persians
tried to gain control of the Greek
poleis of Asia Minor and
continental Greece.
The army of the Athenian polis
was essential in defeating the
Persians at the battles of
Marathon (490) and Salamina
(480). Athens became the most
powerful polis.
THE PELOPONESIAN
WARS (431-404 BC)
They were the conflicts between
Greek poleis. The dominant
position of Athens threatened
other poleis and led to wars
between them. Sparta was against
Athens control of the Delian
League and after years of war
Sparta dominated over the rest of
the poleis.
While the poleis were fighting
each other, King Philip II of
Macedon organised a great army
DEMOCRACY
ATHENS BECAME
A DEMOCRACY
Athenian Democracy - Solon and
Cleisthenes (12:00)
THIS IS THE
COUNCIL
FORMED BY
CITIZENS
CHOSEN BY
BALLOT.
THEY MADE
SURE THAT
LAWS WERE
FOLLOWED
HELIAIA
MAGISTRATES
THEY WERE
IN CHARGE O
THE LAW
COURTS AND
RELIGIOUS
CEREMONIES
THERE WERE
ARCHONS
AND
STRATEGOI
BOULE
THE
EKKLESIA
WAS THE
ASSEMBLY
OF ALL THE
CITIZENS.
THEY MET TO
VOTE LAWS
AND ELECT
MAGISTRATES
IN THIS SYSTEM, ADULT
MALE CITIZENS
PARTICIPATED IN
GOVERNMENT. BUT
WOMEN, METICS
(FOREIGNERS), SLAVES
AND FREED SLAVES
WERE NOT CONSIDERED
CITIZENS
EKKLESIA
THAT MEANS “RULE BY THE
PEOPLE”
INSTITUTIONS OF ATHENIAN
DEMOCRACY
IT WAS THE
SUPREME
COURT. THEY
WERE
CHOSEN BY
BALLOT
EVERY YEAR
SPARTA: OLIGARCHY
FREE MEN WITH
POLITICAL RIGHTS
THEY
HELD
MILITARY
AND
SPARTIANS
RELIGIOUS
CRAFTSMEN OR
TRADERS WITHOUT
POLITICAL RIGHTS
THEY WERE LIKE
SLAVES BUT
COULDN´T BE SOLD
PERIOIKOIACTIVITY
ASSEMBLY
In Spartan society,
citizens were trained to
fight as warriors from
an early age
EPHORS
It was an
OLIGARCHY
GEROUSIA
TWO KINGS
Sparta was Athens
great rival.
INSTITUTIONS OF SPARTIAN
OLIGARCHY
IT WAS A
COUNCIL
FORMED BY
CITIZENS
OVER SIXTY.
RESPONSIB
LE FOR
JUSTICE
OR
MAGISTRATES
WHO
MAINTAINED
THE ORDER
FORMED
BY WITH
VERY
LIMITED
POWERS
HELOTS
Less than a minute video
about the Spartian society
ECONOMY
CRAFT WORK
WAS DONE IN
SMALL
WORKSHOPS.
THEY MADE
TEXTILES,
POTTERY,
WEAPONS AND
FARM TOOLS
TRADE
IT WAS
IMPORTANT IN
THE
MOUNTAINS.
THEY KEPT
SHEEP, GOATS,
PIGS AND
HORSES
CRAFT
LIVESTOCK
AGRICULTURE
IT WAS THE
MAIN
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY. IT
WAS BASED ON
THE
CULTIVATION
OF WHEAT,
OLIVES AND
VINES IN THE
VALLEYS.
THE MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
IT BECAME
IPORTANT,
ESPECIALLY
AROUND THE
MEDITERRANEA
N. THEY
TRADED EACH
OTHER ACROSS
THE AEGEAN
AND ALSO WITH
EGYPT AND
ITALY
DAILY LIFE
Life in ancient Greece was quite different for men and women.
Whilst men were expected to take an active part in the public
life of their city, women were expected to lead a private life as
wives and mothers. Their lives were centred on the home.
Slavery was a central feature of life in Greece. Families of
reasonable
wealth
have
slaves
carry
Life in ancient
Greecewould
was quite
different
for to
men
and out the
household
to go
shopping
the market
even to
women.chores,
Whilst men
were
expected at
to take
an activeand
part in
the public life of their
women
expected to lead a
helpcity,
bring
up were
children.
private life as wives and mothers. Their lives were centred
on the home.
However, daily life in Sparta was rather different from most
other city-states. Here women led more active lives, as this
would improve their physical strength and their ability to have
A lot of our
healthy babies. Sparta also had slaves but these belonged
to the
information
on
city as a whole, rather than to individual families. daily life comes
PLAY THE “Greek
House” BM
from pottery
GREEK CULTURE
GREEK CULTURE HAD A GREAT INFLUENCE BOTH IN ANCIENT
TIMES AND LATER PERIODS. IT IS OFTEN CONSIDERED THE
FOUNDATION OF THE WESTERN CIVILISATION
PHILOSOPHY
Greeks were
the first to use
the reason to
examine the
nature of
human beings
and the world
around them
SOCRATES,
PLATO AND
ARISTOLES
SCIENCE
They
developed
Mathematics,
Physics and
Medice
HIPPOCRATES,
PYTHAGORAS,
ARCHIMEDES
GEOGRAPY
AND HISTORY
They calculated
the circumference
of the Earth.
They were the first
in writing History.
ERATOSTHENES
HERODOTUS
THUCYDIDES
LITERATURE
Epic poems like
the Iliad and the
Odyssey (700 BC)
Theatre
devoloped from
religious
ceremonies:
tragedies and
comedies
HOMER,
AESCHYLUS,SOPH
OCLES, EURIPIDES
RELIGION
TEMPLES
ORACLES
OLYMPIC GAMES
GODS AND HEROES
GREEK ART
THE GREEKS TRIED TO ACHIEVE PROPORTION AND
HARMONY IN THEIR ART. THEY CONSTRUCTED
BUILDINGS AND STATUES ON A HUMAN SCALE
POWER POINT
OF GREEK ART
THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
ALEXANDER THE
GREAT POWER
POINT