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The FOUR LEVELS OF ANALYSIS THIS IS THE BIG STUFF….. GRAMMAR • A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE THE FOUR LEVELS ARE: • • • • PARTS OF SPEECH: POS PARTS OF SENTENCE: POSENT PHRASES CLAUSES • THESE ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE WHAT IS ENGLISH? • A LANGUGE. DUH! • WRONG! • ENGLISH IS AN AMALGM OF 4 DIFFERENT LAGUAGES: • OLD ENGLISH • LATIN • GERMANIC • GREEK HOW DOES IT WORK? • WHAT IT IS: SUBJECT • WHAT IT DOES: FULL PREDICATE • IN OUR LABGUAGE (IN ALL LANGUAGES) THERE HAS TO BE SOMETHING THAT IS EITHER DOING SOMETHING OR BEING SOMETHING: • The whale, upon the waves, crimson with gore, gnashed the sailors. THE MAP EXAMPLES MADE SIMPLE • THE BOY LOVES THE IDEA OF SURFING. • WITHIN THE TEMPLE, THE ANGRY DIETY AWAITED THE TRAVELLERS. • DORY IS REALLY FORGETFUL. LET’S START SIMPLE: • PARTS OF SPEECH: 8 TYPES • LISTED FROM EASY TO IMPOSSIBLY DIFFICULT (DON’T EVEN TRY IT!! RUN SCREAMING!!!!) • NOUNS, VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, PERPOSITIONS, GIRAFFES NOUNS • PERSON, PLACE, THING • NOMEN (n) MEANING “NAME” • A NOUN IS THE SOUND THAT WE GIVE AN IDEA: TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, SKY, LOVE, GIRAFFE • THESE ARE ALL THINGS AND THEY NEEDED SOUNDS IN ORDER FOR US TO GET THE IDEA ACROSS TO OTHERS….. • THEY WILL BE THE SUBJECTS OF THE SENTNCE (IDEA) THE TYPES • PROPER: SHOWS RESPECT, GETS A CAPITAL LETTER • Mr. Salminen, New York city, Eiffel tower • Common: names some generic thing: • some teacher, the city, that tower ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE • CONCRETE: THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IS TANGIBLE AND THAT WE CAN TOUCH: • TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, FOOD • ABSTRACT: THIS IS A CONCEPT, HOWEVER, IT IS STILL A THING; WE CAN’T TOUCH IT • LOVE, HUNGER, DREAMS WHEW! THAT’S A LOT OF NOUN STUFF • AND WE DID NOT EVEN GET TO THE PRONOUNS, SUBJECT PRONOUNS, OMINATIVES AND ALL THE OTHER FUN NOUN STUFF. • LET’S GET MOVING TO THE VERBS, BUT FIRST……. COLLECTIVE or “GROUP” NOUNS • THIS IS A THING MADE UP OF A BUNCH OF OTHER THINGS TO MAKE ONE BIG THING…. • A FLOCK OF BIRDS • THE FLOCK IS THE THING THAT IS MADE OF THE BIRDS (other little things) A GERUND • A GERUND IS A NOUN WERING A VERB COSTUME…… • WAIT….WHAT? • SWIMMING IS THE THING I LOVE MOST. • THE “ing” WORD IS NOT A VERB IN THIS INSTANCE, IT IS ACTING AS THE SUBJECT AND THEREFORE IS A NOUN NAME EM’ CAN YOU FIND THEM ALL? • The author, Samuel Clemens, wrote under the pseudonym, Mark Twain. • I experienced deep frustration at the lack of effort. • Within team, there were captains and then the rest of the players. • The pod of dolphins rose, gracefully, to the surface. PRONOUNS • PRONOUNS ARE VAGUE AND TAKE THE PLACE OF A NOUN. THEY ARE LAZY: • HE, US, SHE, IT, WE, THEY, THEM, THAT…. • THEY CAN ONLY BE USED AFTER THE ANTECEDENT IS SET. A SUBJECT IS A SUBJECT AND AN OBJECT IS AN OBJECT • • • • • • • SUBJECT PRONOUNS I YOU SHE, HE, IT WE YOU THEY • • • • • • • OBJECT PRONOUNS ME YOU HIM, HER, IT US YOU THEM REMEMBER…… VERBS….THAT’S WHAT’S HAPPENEING!! (WHAT IT DOES) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US8mGU 1MzYw • THE POS THAT SHOWS ACTION, BEING OR LINK A SUBJECT TO A SUBJECT COMPLIMENT • TYPES: ACTION, HELPING/LINKING, INFINITIVE, TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE (that’s enough to start with) • THIS WILL ALSO INDICATE THE PREDICATE 6 VERB TENSES: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PRESENT PAST FUTURE PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT ALEX….. ACTION VERB • AN ACTION VERB ALLOWS THE SUBJECT or SUBJECT PRONOUN TO ACCOMPLISH SOMETHING: • The boy ran to the store. • Well, WHAT DID THE BOY ACTUALLY DO? • *GO BACK TO THE MAP OF SENTENCES* HELPING & LINKING VERBS • THESE ALLOW THE SUBJECT or SUBJECT PRONOUN TO BE or BECOME SOMETHING • THE GIRL IS TALL. • *WELL, WHAT IS THE GIRL? TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS • THE HARPOON HIT THE WHALE. ADVERBS • “If you see an adverb, kill it.” - Mark Twain • A WORD THAT MODIFIES A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB • LOOK FOR THE “ly” MOST TIMES. ADJECTIVES • A WORD THE MODIFIES A NOUN OR PRONOUN • ALL NUMBERS AND COLORS! • ARTICLES: THE, A , AN • 3 LEVELS: • GOOD • Positive BETTER comparative BEST superlative EXAMPLES: • In the spring of 1992, Seattle was supremely confident in its music scene. • He was very nervous about the coming scores. • The rat only snorted and thrust his hands deep into his pockets. PREPOSITION • THE WORD THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND ANOTHER WORD IN THE SENTENCE • *ANYTHING THAT A AIRPLANE CAN DO TO A CLOUD* • IT SHOWS THE “WHERE” • WE NEVER, NEVER END A SENTENCE WITH PREPOSITION. • NOW……WE DANCE CONJUNCTIONS • A WORD THAT JOINS TWO WORDS OR TWO GROUPS OF WORDS: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPoBEE8VOc • THERE ARE 2 TYPES: COORDINATE & SUBORDINATE • FANBOYS!!!! CONJUNCTIONS • • • • • • • • COORDINATE FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO • • • • • • • • SUBORDINATE IF AS WHEN BECAUSE HOWEVER THERFORE *WE DON’T BEGIN SENTENCES WITH THESE* INTERJECTION • A WORD THAT SHOWS EMOTION, BUT HAS NO GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION • OH! • UGH! • WHEW! • WOW! • OUCH! PART 1 DIAGNOSTIC