Download The FOUR LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

The FOUR LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
THIS IS THE BIG STUFF…..
GRAMMAR
• A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE
THE FOUR LEVELS ARE:
•
•
•
•
PARTS OF SPEECH: POS
PARTS OF SENTENCE: POSENT
PHRASES
CLAUSES
• THESE ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS THAT MAKE
UP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
WHAT IS ENGLISH?
• A LANGUGE. DUH!
• WRONG!
• ENGLISH IS AN AMALGM OF 4 DIFFERENT
LAGUAGES:
• OLD ENGLISH
• LATIN
• GERMANIC
• GREEK
HOW DOES IT WORK?
• WHAT IT IS: SUBJECT
• WHAT IT DOES: FULL PREDICATE
• IN OUR LABGUAGE (IN ALL LANGUAGES)
THERE HAS TO BE SOMETHING THAT IS EITHER
DOING SOMETHING OR BEING SOMETHING:
• The whale, upon the waves, crimson with
gore, gnashed the sailors.
THE MAP
EXAMPLES MADE SIMPLE
• THE BOY LOVES THE IDEA OF SURFING.
• WITHIN THE TEMPLE, THE ANGRY DIETY
AWAITED THE TRAVELLERS.
• DORY IS REALLY FORGETFUL.
LET’S START SIMPLE:
• PARTS OF SPEECH: 8 TYPES
• LISTED FROM EASY TO IMPOSSIBLY DIFFICULT
(DON’T EVEN TRY IT!! RUN SCREAMING!!!!)
• NOUNS, VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, ADJECTIVES,
ADVERBS, PERPOSITIONS, GIRAFFES
NOUNS
• PERSON, PLACE, THING
• NOMEN (n) MEANING “NAME”
• A NOUN IS THE SOUND THAT WE GIVE AN
IDEA: TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, SKY, LOVE, GIRAFFE
• THESE ARE ALL THINGS AND THEY NEEDED
SOUNDS IN ORDER FOR US TO GET THE IDEA
ACROSS TO OTHERS…..
• THEY WILL BE THE SUBJECTS OF THE SENTNCE
(IDEA)
THE TYPES
• PROPER: SHOWS RESPECT, GETS A CAPITAL
LETTER
• Mr. Salminen, New York city, Eiffel tower
• Common: names some generic thing:
• some teacher, the city, that tower
ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE
• CONCRETE: THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IS
TANGIBLE AND THAT WE CAN TOUCH:
• TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, FOOD
• ABSTRACT: THIS IS A CONCEPT, HOWEVER, IT
IS STILL A THING; WE CAN’T TOUCH IT
• LOVE, HUNGER, DREAMS
WHEW! THAT’S A LOT OF NOUN STUFF
• AND WE DID NOT EVEN GET TO THE
PRONOUNS, SUBJECT PRONOUNS,
OMINATIVES AND ALL THE OTHER FUN NOUN
STUFF.
• LET’S GET MOVING TO THE VERBS, BUT
FIRST…….
COLLECTIVE or “GROUP” NOUNS
• THIS IS A THING MADE UP OF A BUNCH OF
OTHER THINGS TO MAKE ONE BIG THING….
• A FLOCK OF BIRDS
• THE FLOCK IS THE THING THAT IS MADE OF
THE BIRDS (other little things)
A GERUND
• A GERUND IS A NOUN WERING A VERB
COSTUME……
• WAIT….WHAT?
• SWIMMING IS THE THING I LOVE MOST.
• THE “ing” WORD IS NOT A VERB IN THIS
INSTANCE, IT IS ACTING AS THE SUBJECT AND
THEREFORE IS A NOUN
NAME EM’ CAN YOU FIND THEM ALL?
• The author, Samuel Clemens, wrote under the
pseudonym, Mark Twain.
• I experienced deep frustration at the lack of
effort.
• Within team, there were captains and then
the rest of the players.
• The pod of dolphins rose, gracefully, to the
surface.
PRONOUNS
• PRONOUNS ARE VAGUE AND TAKE THE PLACE
OF A NOUN. THEY ARE LAZY:
• HE, US, SHE, IT, WE, THEY, THEM, THAT….
• THEY CAN ONLY BE USED AFTER THE
ANTECEDENT IS SET.
A SUBJECT IS A SUBJECT AND AN
OBJECT IS AN OBJECT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I
YOU
SHE, HE, IT
WE
YOU
THEY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
OBJECT PRONOUNS
ME
YOU
HIM, HER, IT
US
YOU
THEM
REMEMBER……
VERBS….THAT’S WHAT’S
HAPPENEING!! (WHAT IT DOES)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US8mGU
1MzYw
• THE POS THAT SHOWS ACTION, BEING OR
LINK A SUBJECT TO A SUBJECT COMPLIMENT
• TYPES: ACTION, HELPING/LINKING,
INFINITIVE, TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE
(that’s enough to start with)
• THIS WILL ALSO INDICATE THE PREDICATE
6 VERB TENSES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
ALEX…..
ACTION VERB
• AN ACTION VERB ALLOWS THE SUBJECT or
SUBJECT PRONOUN TO ACCOMPLISH
SOMETHING:
• The boy ran to the store.
• Well, WHAT DID THE BOY ACTUALLY DO?
• *GO BACK TO THE MAP OF SENTENCES*
HELPING & LINKING VERBS
• THESE ALLOW THE SUBJECT or SUBJECT
PRONOUN TO BE or BECOME SOMETHING
• THE GIRL IS TALL.
• *WELL, WHAT IS THE GIRL?
TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
• THE HARPOON HIT THE WHALE.
ADVERBS
• “If you see an adverb, kill it.” - Mark Twain
• A WORD THAT MODIFIES A VERB, AN
ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB
• LOOK FOR THE “ly” MOST TIMES.
ADJECTIVES
• A WORD THE MODIFIES A NOUN OR
PRONOUN
• ALL NUMBERS AND COLORS!
• ARTICLES: THE, A , AN
• 3 LEVELS:
• GOOD
• Positive
BETTER
comparative
BEST
superlative
EXAMPLES:
• In the spring of 1992, Seattle was supremely
confident in its music scene.
• He was very nervous about the coming scores.
• The rat only snorted and thrust his hands
deep into his pockets.
PREPOSITION
• THE WORD THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND ANOTHER WORD
IN THE SENTENCE
• *ANYTHING THAT A AIRPLANE CAN DO TO A
CLOUD*
• IT SHOWS THE “WHERE”
• WE NEVER, NEVER END A SENTENCE WITH
PREPOSITION.
• NOW……WE DANCE
CONJUNCTIONS
• A WORD THAT JOINS TWO WORDS OR TWO
GROUPS OF WORDS:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPoBEE8VOc
• THERE ARE 2 TYPES: COORDINATE &
SUBORDINATE
• FANBOYS!!!!
CONJUNCTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
COORDINATE
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SUBORDINATE
IF
AS
WHEN
BECAUSE
HOWEVER
THERFORE
*WE DON’T BEGIN
SENTENCES WITH THESE*
INTERJECTION
• A WORD THAT SHOWS EMOTION, BUT HAS
NO GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
• OH!
• UGH!
• WHEW!
• WOW!
• OUCH!
PART 1 DIAGNOSTIC