Download STUDY GUIDE Forces that Shape Earth

STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST ON FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH
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troposphere: atmospheric layer closest to the earth where weather and clouds occur
stratosphere: layer just above the troposphere
mesosphere: layer that lies just above the stratosphere
thermosphere: layer above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
exosphere: outermost atmospheric layer
ozone layer: a layer in the earth’s stratosphere containing high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the
ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun
International Space Station: an artificial satellite orbiting the earth in the thermosphere
Ionosphere: name given to the combination of the mesosphere and thermosphere; auroras occur in the ionosphere
Auroras: beautiful colors in the ionosphere created by highly charged electrons from the solar wind interacting with
earth’s magnetic field
Evidence: anything presented to support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis
Theory: an explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed
through observation and experimentation
Subduction: process when a plate of continental crust converges with a plate of oceanic crust and the heavier oceanic
crust moves under the continental crust
Convection: a motion in a fluid that is caused by heating from below and cooling from above
Convergent boundary: in plate tectonics, where two tectonic plates move towards one another and collide
Divergent boundary: in plate tectonics, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other
Transform boundary: a fault that is moving in a horizontal direction
Earthquake: a sudden and violent shaking of the ground as a result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust
that creates seismic waves.
Amplitude: size of the waves on an earthquake recording; measured from still reading to the top of the crest.
Magnitude: a number that characterizes the size of an earthquake by measuring the motions recorded by a
seismograph and correcting for the distance to the epicenter of the quake
Focus: the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts
Epicenter: the point on the earth’s surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
intensity: the effect of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface
plate boundary: the locations where two tectonic plates interact
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: scale with 12 increasing levels of intensity to evaluate the effects of earthquakes
Richter magnitude scale: (often shortened to Richter scale) scale that assigns a single number to the magnitude of a
quake
Moment Magnitude scale: scale that replaced Richter scale for large earthquakes
Fold mountains: most common type of mountain; form when two continental plates collide and their edges crumble
Fault block mountains: mountains created when cracks in the Earth’s crust force blocks of rock up or down, usually
have a steep front side and sloping back side
Dome mountains: mountains that form when magma pushes the earth’s crust from underneath, but never reaches the
surface
Volcanic mountains: mountains that form when magma reaches the surface and erupts as lava
Plateau mountains:: high levels of flat land that rivers have cut and eroded into tall mountains
KNOW:
-the names and locations of the 5 layers of the atmosphere
-at least 3 functions of the atmosphere
-specifics about each layer of the atmosphere
-if the temperature increases or decreases in temperature at each layer
-that the earth is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% other gases
-where most volcanoes and earthquakes occur
-how to classify the different type of plate tectonic boundaries
-about Wegener’s evidence for the theory of Continental Drift
-why Wegener’s theory was not initially accepted by the scientific community
-about later evidence that showed how continents move
-that mountains form where tectonic plates converge
-how to identify mountains as fold, fault block, dome, volcanic, or plateau and defend your hypothesis with evidence
*****Extra Credit: Know about Montana’s Largest and most deadly earthquake
Name & Location of 5 Layers of the Atmosphere:
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Three functions of the atmosphere:
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Specifics about each layer of the atmosphere & if temperature rises or falls with altitude:
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