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STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST ON FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. troposphere: atmospheric layer closest to the earth where weather and clouds occur stratosphere: layer just above the troposphere mesosphere: layer that lies just above the stratosphere thermosphere: layer above the mesosphere and below the exosphere exosphere: outermost atmospheric layer ozone layer: a layer in the earth’s stratosphere containing high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun International Space Station: an artificial satellite orbiting the earth in the thermosphere Ionosphere: name given to the combination of the mesosphere and thermosphere; auroras occur in the ionosphere Auroras: beautiful colors in the ionosphere created by highly charged electrons from the solar wind interacting with earth’s magnetic field Evidence: anything presented to support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis Theory: an explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation Subduction: process when a plate of continental crust converges with a plate of oceanic crust and the heavier oceanic crust moves under the continental crust Convection: a motion in a fluid that is caused by heating from below and cooling from above Convergent boundary: in plate tectonics, where two tectonic plates move towards one another and collide Divergent boundary: in plate tectonics, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other Transform boundary: a fault that is moving in a horizontal direction Earthquake: a sudden and violent shaking of the ground as a result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Amplitude: size of the waves on an earthquake recording; measured from still reading to the top of the crest. Magnitude: a number that characterizes the size of an earthquake by measuring the motions recorded by a seismograph and correcting for the distance to the epicenter of the quake Focus: the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts Epicenter: the point on the earth’s surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake intensity: the effect of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface plate boundary: the locations where two tectonic plates interact Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: scale with 12 increasing levels of intensity to evaluate the effects of earthquakes Richter magnitude scale: (often shortened to Richter scale) scale that assigns a single number to the magnitude of a quake Moment Magnitude scale: scale that replaced Richter scale for large earthquakes Fold mountains: most common type of mountain; form when two continental plates collide and their edges crumble Fault block mountains: mountains created when cracks in the Earth’s crust force blocks of rock up or down, usually have a steep front side and sloping back side Dome mountains: mountains that form when magma pushes the earth’s crust from underneath, but never reaches the surface Volcanic mountains: mountains that form when magma reaches the surface and erupts as lava Plateau mountains:: high levels of flat land that rivers have cut and eroded into tall mountains KNOW: -the names and locations of the 5 layers of the atmosphere -at least 3 functions of the atmosphere -specifics about each layer of the atmosphere -if the temperature increases or decreases in temperature at each layer -that the earth is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% other gases -where most volcanoes and earthquakes occur -how to classify the different type of plate tectonic boundaries -about Wegener’s evidence for the theory of Continental Drift -why Wegener’s theory was not initially accepted by the scientific community -about later evidence that showed how continents move -that mountains form where tectonic plates converge -how to identify mountains as fold, fault block, dome, volcanic, or plateau and defend your hypothesis with evidence *****Extra Credit: Know about Montana’s Largest and most deadly earthquake Name & Location of 5 Layers of the Atmosphere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Three functions of the atmosphere: 1. 2. 3. Specifics about each layer of the atmosphere & if temperature rises or falls with altitude: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.