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Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth 31. The Geosphere 3.2 The Atmosphere 3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere p.58-83 Key Terms • • • • • • • • • • • • Geosphere Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Erosion Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Ozone • • • • • • • • • • • • • Radiation Conduction Convention Greenhouse effect Water cycle Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Salinity Fresh water Biosphere Closed system Open system 3.1 The Geosphere • Describe the composition and structure of the Earth • Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates • Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects • Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change • Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface The Earth as a System What are the conditions that allow us to survive on a constantly changing planet? The earth is divide into 4 parts 1. Geosphere (rock) 2. Atmosphere (air) 3. Hydrosphere (water) 4. Biosphere (living things) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG3ql0vLioU Geosphere • The solid part of the Earth that consists of all rock, soils and sediments on Earth’s Surface • Most is located in interior • http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers1.html Discovering Earth’s Interior • Very difficult to study – we have only looked at 12km deep • Seismic waves to study Earth’s Interior (waves travel differently in physical layers) Composition of Earthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos&feature=related 1. Crust- thin outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass 2. Mantle 64% mass of Earth, 2,900km thick, rock medium density, iron rich layer 3. Core densest element radius of 3,400km, hot nickel and iron center of Earth Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qp-EVOsZOs (18mins) Composition of Earth-3 layers 1. Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass, 5-8km thick beneath the oceans and 20-70km beneath the continents 2. Mantle- layer under crust, makes up 64% of mass, 2,900km thick, made of rock, medium dense 3. Core- innermost layer, densest elements, radius of 3,400 km The Structure of the Earth 5 layers- http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm 1. Lithosphere (stone) 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Outer Core 5. Inner Core Lithosphere- stone • • • • • • 15-300 km thick Cool rigid Outermost layer of Earth Crust and uppermost part of mantle Divided into huge pieces called plate tectonic Both continental and oceanic crust Asthenosphere • 250 km thick • Solid plastic layer of mantle between the mesosphere and the lithospehre • Made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, allows for plates to move on top of it Mesosphere • 2,550 km thick • Middle sphere • Lower layer of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core Outer core • 2,200 km thick • Outer shell of Earth’s core • Made of liquid nickel and iron Inner Core • 1,228 km radius • Spere of solid nickel and iron at the center of the Earth Thicknesses and density Plate Tectonics • Glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice on a pond • Continents are located on them and move with them • Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian, and Antarctic plates • Plate boundaries- this movement may cause mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes erupt • Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building- Himalaya Mountains (Asia and India plates collided 50mya) • Alfred Wegener- first proposed theory of continental drift • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins) • NGO- 50mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related Bill- 23mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related What is continental drift? Animation link Matching fossils, mountains, rock deposits… Plate Boundaries 1. Convergent Boundaries- crashing Places where plates crash or crunch together. 2. Divergent Boundaries- pulling apart Places where plates are coming apart 3. Transform Boundaries-side swiping Places where plates slide past each other are More info : http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1. html Plate Boundaries Divergent Plate Boundary • Move plates apart to expose mantle spreading zone. • When plates move apart, it creates cracks in the Earth called rift valley • Allows hot, melted rock to come up through the cracks volcano opening is formed • Sea floor spreading- new sea floor created • http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundaryoceanic.gif Seafloor Spreading and Subduction Convergent Plate Boundary • Push plates back together until the middle forms a ridge • When plates collide they create mountains this is called a collision zone • Appalachian mountains – Africa collided with North America during formation of Pangea • Destroy sea floor- ocean plates more dense than land plates, when they converge ocean plates slide under land plates 3 sub types • Ocean to ocean • Ocean to continental • Continental to continental • http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plateboundaries.shtml Transform Plate boundary • Slide the edges of plates against each other • This horizontal grinding and sliding of the plates causes earthquakes • This is called a shearing fault • A fault is a fracture in the Earth’s crust • New Madrid Fault- runs along the eastern border of Missouri • San Andreas Fault- most studied Earthquakes • Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from sliding • When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts creates earthquakes • Occur all the time most are too small to feel • Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude • Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0 • Largest recorded 9.5 • Earthquakes of 7 or greater cause widespread damage Where do they occur? • Take place at the boundaries due to the stress level • San Andreas Fault along California (N. American plate and Pacific plate are slipping) • We cannot predict when they will occur but rather the likely hood of where they can occur • High risk areas we build bridges and buildings slightly flexible so they can sway when the ground moves • http://earthquakestoday.info/ Japan's Tsunami - How it Happened 2011 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related Volcanoes • Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted rock, that comes from the Earth’s core • Can occur on land or under the sea • Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean plate boundaries • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo Hot Spots http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animatio ns/ch2.htm Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions • Loss of human life • Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its path • Can mix with water can create a mudslide • Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines of vehicles • Breathing difficulties Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Global impact: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o • Mt St Helen- change Earth’s climate for several years • Ash and gases travel into the atmosphere reducing sunlight decreasing global temperatures for several years • Top 10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aYQixhdWY4&feature=fvwrel • • • Billl Nye https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOc04z8jHaM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=related (23mins) Folds Over millions of years, stress forces can bend rock like a ribbon or soft dough. Steady pressures of stress over long periods of time affect sedimentary layers and can fold them into dramatic forms. Folds Folds : During mountain building, compressional stresses often bend flat-lying sedimentary rocks into wavelike ripples called folds. Folds of sedimentary strata come in three main types Anticlines Synclines Monoclines Anticlines and Synclines Anticlines and Synclines : An anticline is usually formed by the upfolding, or arching of rock layers. Often found in association with anticlines are downfolds, or troughs, called synclines. The anticlines are the folds that go upwards and the synclines are the folds that go downward. Dips The angle that a fold or fault makes with the horizontal is called the dip of the fold or fault. The more the bend in the fold or fault, the stronger the dip. In the figure at right, folds, faults and dips are visible in B. In C, the folds are starting to overturn and D and E the folds have overturned all the way and folded over completely. Monoclines Monoclines Folds are generally closely related to faults in the Earth’s crust. Examples of this close association can be found in monoclines. Monoclines are large step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary layers. Monoclines occur as sedimentary layers get folded over a large faulting-block of underlying rock. Monoclines are a prominent feature of the Colorado Plateau region. Hanging walls and footwalls Faults Recall that faults are fractures in the Earth’s crust along which movement has taken place. The rock surface immediately above the fault is called the hanging wall. The rock surface below the fault is called the footwall. Types of Faults Faults The major types of faults are Normal faults Reverse faults Thrust faults Strike-slip faults Types of Faults Faults Normal faults occur due to tensional stress and reverse and thrust faults occur due to compressional stress. Compressional forces generally produce folds as well as faults, resulting in a thickening and shortening of rocks. Shearing stresses produce strikeslip faults. Faults are classified according to the type of movement that occurs along the fault. Normal Faults Normal Faults A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. Most normal faults have steep dips of about 60 degrees. These dips often flatten out with depth. The movement in normal faults is mainly in a vertical direction, updown, with some horizontal movement as well. Because of the slide down of the hanging wall block, normal faults result in the lengthening, or stretching, of the crust. Tensional stress pulls the blocks apart and lets the hanging wall drop downward Reverse Faults Reverse Faults: A reverse fault is a fault in which the hanging block moves up (instead of down) relative to the footwall block. Reverse faults are high angle compressional faults with dips greater than 45 degrees. Thrust Faults Thrust Faults: Thrust faults are reverse faults with dips of less than 45 degrees. Because the hanging wall block moves up and over the footwall block, reverse and thrust faults result in a compression, squeezing and shortening, of the crust. Thrust Faults Thrust Faults: Most high-angle reverse faults are small in scale. They cause only local displacements in regions that are already filled with other types of faulting. Thrust faults, however, exist at all scales. Many can be quite large. In the Swiss Alps, the northern Rockies, Himalayas, and Appalachians, thrust faults have displaced layers as far as 50 kilometers. The result of this type of movement is that older rocks end up on top of younger rocks. Strike-Slip Faults Strike-Slip Faults: Faults in which the movement is horizontal and parallel to the line of the fault is called a strike-slip fault. Because of their large scale, and linear nature ( in a line) many strike-slip faults produce a trace that can be seen over a great distance. Rather than a single fracture, large strike-slip faults usually consist of a zone of roughly parallel fractures. Strike-Slip Faults Strike-Slip Faults: The zone of parallel fractures created by a strike-slip fault may be up to several kilometers wide. The most recent movement is often along a section only a few meters wide and may offset features such as stream channels. Crushed and broken rocks produced during faulting are more easily eroded, often producing linear valleys or troughs that mark strike-slip faults. Fence break created by strike-slip fault • The three basic types of faults are normal, reverse, and strike-slip (lateral). (A) A normal fault is one in which the rocks above the fault plane, the hanging wall, move down relative to the rocks below the fault plane in the footwall. (B) A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. (C) When rocks on either side of a nearly vertical fault plane move horizontally, the movement is called strike-slip. Erosion • The removal and transport of surface material • Water Erosion- rivers create deep gorges or oceans waves erode coastlines • Wind Erosion- area where plants are limited (beaches and deserts) sandstone vs granite can erode more quickly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5Rp9MJJGCU Bill- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjVSiuj7Lxk&feature=related 3.2 Atmosphere • Describe the composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere • Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere • Explain 3 mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere • Explain the greenhouse effect • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyfN9t_E0 w8 Atmosphere • Mixture of gases found in first 30km above the Earth’s surface • Constantly changing (photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Volcanic eruption, cars **Insulates earths surface- allows for animals to survive. Composition of the Atmosphere • Nitrogen 78% • Oxygen – 21% • Other -1 % (argon, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) • Aerosols- Tiny solid particles or dust (soil, salt, ash, skin, hair clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses,) • Air pressure- due to the gravity, more dense closer to earth, difficult to breath at higher elevations, all/ most atmosphere gases located within 30 km to earth surface • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQ8FWnM0fA Layers of the Atmosphere- based on temperature 1. 2. 3. 4. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YAOT92wuD8&list=PLtXf78zN40CILuFkZqcgLKaVidMRxQdkE Tropospherea. b. c. d. layer closes to the Earth’s surface to 18km above weather occurs in this layer densest layer temperature decreases as altitude increases Stratosphere• Above the troposphere • Extends from 18km to altitude of 50km • Temperatures rise as altitude increases in the stratosphere, because the ozone absorbs the suns UV energy and warms the air • Ozone- O3- molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atoms (ozone layer),Reduced the amount of UV that reaches the Earth, (blanket of protection) Mesosphere • Layer above the stratosphere • Extended to an altitude of 80km • Coldest layer as low as -93’C Thermosphere • Farthest from the Earth • Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiationtemperatures have been measured above 2,000’C • Would not feel hot to us because this layer is so thin that air particles rarely collide – little heat is transferred • Lower level is called ionosphere – it absorbs X and gamma rays, causing the atoms to be electrically charged (ions) • Ions can radiate energy as light- Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights (North and South poles) Energy in the Atmosphere • Energy is neither created or destroyed transferred and transformed 1. Radiation- transfer of energy across a space (fire, sunlight) 2. Conduction- flow of heat from one object to another 3. Convection- air currents (hot air rises) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3mfAGVn1c Heating of the Atmosphere • Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, UV light • Only ½ actually reaches the Earth • Most is absorbed or reflected by clouds, gases and dust • Ocean/ lakes and land radiate the energy back into the atmosphere • 50% absorbed by Earth’s Surface • 25% scattered and reflected by clouds and air • 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds and gases • 5% reflected by Earth surface The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere • Convection Currents- movement of the air in a circular pattern that are caused by the unequal heating of the Atmosphere • Cold air sinks and hot air rises – Sea Breeze – Land breeze Coriolis Effect – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI The Greenhouse Effect • Gases trap heat near the Earth http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouse-effect.html • Like heat being trapped into a car on a hot day, the glass window would be the atmosphere • This allows for the Earth to be warm, if it did not occur Earth would be too cold for life 3 mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk Discovery Channel - Global Warming, What You Need To Know, with Tom Brokaw 80mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA&feature=related http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/index.html 3.1The Hydrosphere and Biosphere • • • • Name 3 major processes in the water cycle Describe the properties of ocean water Describe the 2 types of ocean currents Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s Temperature • Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere • Explain the difference between open and closed systems Hydrosphere • Makes up all of the water on the Earth’s surface (oceans, lakes, wetlands, rivers, ice caps, soil, rock layer, and clouds) • Most is found in the oceans (3/4 globe) • Atmosphere, land and in soil Hydrosphere and Water Cycle Water cycle- Continuous movement into ht air, land back to water – Evaporation- liquid water is heated by sun and goes into the atmosphere – Condensation- water vapor cools and forms water droplets – Precipitation- larger droplets fall from clouds (snow, sleet, or hail) Bill Nye- (3mins)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y Rap- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=fvwrel Magic School Bus- Earth’s Oceans • • • • World Oceans- Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian 70% of earth surface Regulates Planet’s environment salinity(3.5%)High salt concentrations, lower where freshwater or rain runs into it, high in areas where evaporation is high • Temperature zones- surface warmed by sun, deep clod no sunlight (surface zone, thermoclinewarm and cold weather) • Lab demo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqtFeAvDOwk Global Temperature Regulator • Absorb and store energy from sunlight regulates temperatures in Earth’s Atmosphere • Ocean absorbs and release more slowly than land does • If it did not regulate temps conditions would be too extreme for life today • Can warm land masses near by • The ocean is able to absorb incident solar energy, then slowly release it in the form of heat. Land cannot absorb nearly as much heat, and land releases heat quickly. The ocean keeps global temperatures much less variable than they would be if the entire surface of the planet was land. Ocean Currents • Surface currents- stream like movements of water that occur at or near the surface, wind driven and a result from global wind patterns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCorkyBe66o • Deep currents- stream like movements of water that flow very slowly along the ocean floor (Antarctic Bottom Water) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVZujRMGZzs Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_wLatK7sXg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg Fresh water • 3% of Earth’s water • Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers • Lakes, rivers, streams, ground water, wetlands, and atmosphere • River systems- network of streams that drains an area of land including its tributaries (small that flow into large ones) • Mississippi River system 40% Ground water • Rain and melting snow run off the land collected into the ground • 1% of all of Earth’s Water • Aquifers- rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water • Recharge zone- where water enters an aquifer • ED Aquiferhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzYWOM2TmJk&list=PLyw1u3Z_dHA46BekGol8sBVYa5CIslI-6 Biosphere • Part of Earth were life exists • Think layer at Earth’s surface down to the bottom of the ocean http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmifaYcLPik&feature=related Biosphere • If the Earth was an apple- it would be the skin • Uppermost part of the geosphere, most of hydrosphere, lower part of atmosphere • 11km into the ocean and 9km into the atmosphere Life requires: • liquid water • Temps between 10-40’c • Source of energy Energy Flow in the Biosphere • Sun light main source of energy • 4 biogeochemical cycle ( recycling of once living organisms to be put back into the Earth’s resources) – Closed system- Earth mostly closed with respect to matter, Eden Project – Open system- sun/ energy, energy comes in from the sun and lost as heat Webquest: • http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamice arth/structure.html BBC- Power of the Planet Atmosphere • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5ViCNJAkHg &feature=endscreen&NR=1 Earth • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_pzxz71jDM &feature=fvwrel ice • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Maf03wG vE&feature=relmfu