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Verbs: Time (Tense)

Our basketball team was doing well until Michael retired. Now it’s going downhill.
We’ve won twenty five games and lost thirty. (p. 122)

My grandmother passed away last week. She was 91 and active until her very
last day. (p. 122)

It has taken us five years to get this business going, but now we can relax. It’s all
downhill from here. (p. 123)
 A verb gives clues about the time of an event.
When Ricardo was making flan, he used a couple of the
eggs that we had brought from the farm. There is only one
left, and we have finished all the other food in the house, so
we will have a very small supper.
The verbs in the sentences above can be spread out on a time line like
this:
 A verb usually changes to show time differences.
Channice is working on the same paper she worked on last
week. She works on it a little bit every day.
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Conditional Sentences

If you start a dance with the wrong foot, you may step on your partner’s foot. (p.
120)

I could have gone to law school, but I decided to have fun instead. Now, I regret
it. I guess I really missed the boat. (p. 120)

If you are stopped at a red light and it turns green, you have permission to start
moving. (p. 121)

If they are not careful, they will be going downhill from day one. (p. 123)
 Zero conditional 表事實條件 (general facts, habitual facts)


General fact: If/When I touch an ice cube, it feels cold.
Habitual fact: Whenever I touched an ice cube, it felt cold.
More sentences:

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. [This always happens.]

If you do not eat, you die. [This always happens.]

If you cross an international date line, the time changes [This always happens,
every time you cross a date line.]
 First conditional 表預期事件發生的條件 (to make predictions about the future,
or express future intentions or possibilities)



Prediction: If I win the lottery, I can go to Paris.
Intention: If I win the lottery, I will go to Paris.
Possibility: If I win the lottery, I might go to Paris.
More sentences:

If you study hard, you will pass the test. [Maybe you will study hard---that’s
possible.]

If it’s sunny, we will go to the park. [Maybe it will be sunny---that’s possible]
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 Second conditional 與現在事實相反的假設 (to speculate about the future result
of a possible but unlikely condition in the present)

Speculation: If I won the lottery, I would go to Paris.
More sentences:

If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house. [I don’t have a million dollars.]

If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain. [I am not you---this is
unreal.]

If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly. [Dogs don’t have wings---that’s
impossible.]

If Jan left, Paula would be sad. [Jan is still here---that’s not going to happen.]
 Third Conditional 與過去事實相反假設 (to speculate about the past result of a
condition that did not happen in the past)

Speculation: If I had won the lottery, I would have gone to Paris.
= Had I won the lottery, I would have gone to Paris.
More sentences:

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. [Regret: I failed the exam
because I didn’t study hard enough.]

If it had snowed, we could have gone skiing. [Regret: It didn’t snow, so we
couldn’t go skiing.]

If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. [Criticism:
You had an accident because you didn’t drive carefully enough.]

If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer. [Criticism:
You didn’t save your money, so you couldn’t afford a computer.]
Easy Grammar
0.
1.
2.
3.
If I win the lottery, I go to Paris.
If I win the lottery, I will go to Paris.
If I won the lottery, I would go to Paris.
If I had won the lottery, I would have gone to Paris.
3
0.
1.
2.
3.
If you love me, I love you back. [certain]
If you love me, I will love you back. [likely]
If you loved me, I would love you back.
If you had loved me, I would have loved you back.
0.
1.
2.
3.
If I have time, I study English. [When/Whenever I have time, I study English.]
If I have time, I will study English. [It is possible that I will study English.]
If I had time, I would study English. [But, I don’t have time]
If I had had time, I would have studied English. [I didn’t have time, so I didn’t
study English.]
Practice Exercise--Conditional Sentences
Complete each sentence below by giving the correct for of the verb in parentheses.
1. If the city ________ (expand) the parking lot space downtown, we would not
have to park so far away from the movie theatre.
2. Whenever my roommate ________ (snore) loudly, I cannot sleep.
3. Children may be disappointed if they ________ (not receive) good grades.
4. If we ________ (not take) an exam on the conditional, we might not have
learned it.
5. Maya ________ (not pass) her driving test unless she calms down.
6. If it ________ (be) winter, all these trees would be covered in snow.
7. Had it not rained, the farmers ________(lose) all of their crops.
8. If the airplane had not had a mechanical problem, we probably ________ (arrive)
in Winnipeg by now.
9. We ________(lie) on the beach in Mexico right now if we had been able to get
our visas on time.
10. I ________ (try) to find more opportunities to write in English if I were you.
4
Online Grammar Exercise
1. Which conditional should I use?
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/allcnd1.htm
2. NetGrammar: Conditional Review
http://www.netgrammar.le.ucr.ac.cr/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_601000.html
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Pronoun Reference

Peace negotiations have stalled, and many observers think that they won’t go
anywhere even if they get started again. (p. 119)

The company is about to market its new weight-loss drug. Company officials are
just waiting for the drug regulatory agency to give them the green light. (p. 121)
1. 代名詞指示方向: 前指
2. 代名詞指示距離: 近指
3. 代名詞指代標的物: 意指
Practice Exercise--Pronoun Reference Errors
(Correct the pronoun errors and rewrite them. If you change an antecedent that is acting as a
subject, you may have to change its verb as well.)
A person's vision is adapted to their environment. The Pygmies provide one good
example. They live in forests where trees limit his field of view to about fifty yards,
but within that space, he must make shrewd observations. A person in that situation
can develop a very accurate sense of the relationships among objects near to them.
However, when a Pygmy is taken to a hill in another part of Africa where they can
suddenly see for miles, they look out at elephants on the plain ten miles away and
act as if the elephants are nearby and only about the size of lizards. He doesn't
perceive the distance and the distortions of perspective.
6
[Corrected Text]
People's vision is adapted to their environment. The Pygmies provide one good
example. They live in forests where trees limit their field of view to about fifty yards,
but within that space, they must make shrewd observations. People in that situation
can develop a very accurate sense of the relationships among objects near to them.
However, when Pygmies are taken to a hill in another part of Africa where they can
suddenly see for miles, they look out at elephants on the plain ten miles away and
act as if the elephants are nearby and only about the size of lizards. They don't
perceive the distance and the distortions of perspective.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The inversion-glasses experiment provides another example of how anybody's
vision shapes itself to their needs. In this experiment, volunteers were asked to wear
special glasses that showed them everything upside-down. Nobody was allowed to
take off their glasses for a week. Everybody went around for a few days tripping over
their own feet and having a terrible time, but then they began to see things right side
up again without ever taking off their glasses. Then the researchers removed the
glasses. Suddenly each volunteer saw everything upside-down again, and it took
several days for their vision to return to normal.
[Corrected Text]
The inversion-glasses experiment provides another example of how people's vision
shapes itself to their needs. In this experiment, volunteers were asked to wear
special glasses that showed them everything upside-down. Nobody was allowed to
take off his glasses for a week. People went around for a few days tripping over their
own feet and having a terrible time, but then they began to see things right side up
again without ever taking off their glasses. Then the researchers removed the
glasses. Suddenly the volunteers saw everything upside-down again, and it took
several days for their vision to return to normal.
7
Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation
A sentence may be one of four kinds, depending upon the number and type(s) of clauses it
contains.
Review:
An independent clause is comprised of a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.
A dependent clause is comprised of a subject and a verb, but an incomplete thought.
1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause.
Punctuation note: NO commas separate compound elements (subject, verb, direct object, indirect
object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence.
2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by
A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or
C. a semicolon alone.
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Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, and C above):
A. Independent clause,
coordinating conjunction
B. Independent clause;
conjunctive adverb,
C. Independent clause;
independent clause.
independent clause.
independent clause.
3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or
a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause.
Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, C and D above):
A. Dependent clause, independent clause
B. Independent clause dependent clause
C. Independent,
D. Independent
nonessential dependent clause,
essential dependent clause
clause.
clause.
4. A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined to one or more
dependent clauses.
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CONNECTORS--COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
Two independent clauses may be joined by
1. Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
2. Conjunctive adverbs
A dependent (subordinate) clause may be introduced by
1. Subordinating conjunctions (ADVERB CLAUSE)
2. Relative pronouns (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE)
3. Relative pronoun, subordinating conjunctions, or adverbs (NOUN CLAUSE)
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INFINITIVE PHRASE 不定詞片語
An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive — the root of the verb preceded by to — and any modifiers or
complements associated with it. Infinitive phrases can act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns.

Her plan to subsidize child care won wide acceptance among urban politicians. [modifies
plan, functions as an adjective]

She wanted to raise taxes. [noun-object of the sentence]

To watch Uncle Billy tell this story is an eye-opening experience. [noun-subject of the
sentence]

To know her is to love her. [noun, predicate nominative]

Juan went to college to study veterinary medicine. [tells us why he went, so it's an adverb]
GERUND PHRASE 動名詞片語
Gerunds, verbals that end in -ing and that act as nouns, frequently are associated with modifiers and
complements in a gerund phrase. These phrases function as units and can do anything that a noun can do.
Notice that other phrases, especially prepositional phrases, are frequently part of the gerund phrase.

Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy. [gerund phrase as subject]

John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark. [gerund phrase as object]

I'm really not interested in studying biochemistry for the rest of my life. [gerund phrase as
object of the preposition in ]
Reviewing the general uses of gerunds and infinitives might not be a bad idea. Click HERE.
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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: THEIR NOUN ROLES
Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a
noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather
than people or objects. Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional
non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of charge).
Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence: (當主詞)
a. Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
b. To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.
It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in Ib),
but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement: (當主詞補語)
a. Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn.
The gerund can also play this role:
b. Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.
Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun
Complement and Appositive: (當名詞補語或同位語)
a. Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.
b. I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.
c. Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within reach.
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The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very partial list
of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive
phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her
permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and
focuses the noun.
advice
appeal
opportunity
order
refusal
reminder
command
decision
desire
permission
plan
possibility
request
requirement
suggestion
fact
preparation
tendency
instruction proposal
wish
motivation recommendation
Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play
the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)
(當形容詞補語)
a. She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.
b. She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.
c. But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.
Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.
ahead
amazed
anxious
apt
ashamed
determined
disappointed
eager
eligible
fortunate
lucky
pleased
proud
ready
reluctant
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bound
careful
glad
happy
certain
hesitant
content
liable
delighted likely
sad
shocked
sorry
surprised
upset
Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds
taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:
a. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.
b. She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.
Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.
a. The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson.
b. What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?
And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:
Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions will
seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive
forms as direct object.
Why do we decide to run, but we would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid
running, but we would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like running and would also like to run.
It is clear that some verbs take gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some verbs take either.
The following tables of verbs should help you understand the various options that regulate our
choice of infinitive or gerund.
14
The verbs in the table below will be followed by an infinitive. We decided to leave. He manages,
somehow, to win. It is threatening to rain. Notice that many, but not all, of these verbs suggest a
potential event.
Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they are describing an
"actual, vivid or fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running. They began farming the land. These
are described, also, below.
Emotion
care
desire
hate
Hate
like
loathe
love
regret
yearn
Choice or Intent
agree
choose
decide
hope
intend
need
prepare
propose
refuse
decide
expect
plan
prefer
want
wish
Initiation, Completion, Incompletion
begin
cease
commence
fail
get
hesitate
manage
neglect
start
try
undertake
Mental Process
forget
know how
Learn
remember
Request and Promise
demand
offer
promise
swear
threaten
vow
Intransitives
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appear
happen
Seem
tend
Miscellaneous
afford
arrange
claim
continue
pretend
wait
The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they will also be accompanied
by a second object. We asked the intruders to leave quietly. They taught the children to swim. The
teacher convinced his students to try harder.
The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the verbs in the table
above (i.e., the second object is optional). We all wanted to go. They promised to be home early.
Communication
advise
Forbid
remind
ask*
beg*
challenge
command
convince
invite
order
permit
persuade
promise*
require
tell
warn
urge
Instruction
encourage instruct
help
teach
train
Causing
allow
cause
choose
force
get
hire
need*
would like*
Miscellaneous
dare*
expect*
trust
prepare*
want*
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Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions: Let's go shopping.
We went jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday night.
The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that novel last summer? I
recommend leaving while we can. I have quit smoking These verbs tend to describe actual events.
Initiation, Completion and Incompletion
anticipate
avoid
delay
finish
quit
risk
begin
cease
complete
get through
give up
postpone
start
stop
try
Communication
admit
advise
deny
discuss
encourage
mention
recommend
report
suggest
urge
Continuing Action
continue
can't help
practice
involve
keep
keep on
love
mind
don't mind
miss
prefer
regret
can't stand
resent
resist
tolerate
Emotion
appreciate
dislike
enjoy
hate
like
Mental Process
anticipate
consider
forget
imagine
recall
remember
see
can't see
understand
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The verbs in the following table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, and there will be
virtually no difference in the meaning of the two sentences. I like to play basketball in the park. I
like playing basketball in the park.
attempt
begin
continue
hate
like
love
neglect
prefer
regret
can't stand
stand
start
The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an infinitive or a
gerund, but there will be a difference in meaning. I stopped smoking means
something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke. The infinitive form
will usually describe a potential action.
forget remember stop
Finally, the verbs below will be followed by either a gerund or a simple verb and a second subject
will be required. I saw the team losing its composure. I overheard my landlord discussing a rent
increase. (I heard Bill sing/singing.) These verbs involve the senses.
Verbs Involving
Senses
feel
hear
listen to
look at
notice
observe
overhear
see
watch
Verbs of perception — hear, see, watch — and a handful of other verbs — help, let, and make —
will take what is called the bare infinitive, an infinitive without the particle "to." This is true of these
verbs only in the active voice.
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a. We watched him clear the table.
b. They heard the thief crash through the door.
c. She made me do it.
d. We helped her finish the homework.
1-language.com- Online English Courses - Unit 37
Grammar
Gerunds and Infinitives: Verb + Gerund / Verb + Infinitive
A gerund is a verb that functions as noun. For example:
- I enjoy playing tennis. I enjoy play tennis" is incorrect.
- We practice speaking English every day.
- They just bought a new swimming pool.
In English the infinitive is made of to and the verb. For example:
- I want to learn a new language.
- You forgot to close the door.
Verbs are often followed by infinitives or gerunds and choosing which to use has few fixed rules,
it depends mainly on the individual verb.
Verb + Gerund
Here are some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds, but not infinitives.
admit - He admitted taking the money.
celebrate - We celebrated winning the competition.
deny - The government denied spending too little on education.
dislike - I dislike complaining.
enjoy - She enjoys meeting her friends.
finish - I finished working there last month.
imagine - I imagine being a waitress is a difficult job.
keep - Where are my keys? I keep losing them.
mind - I don't mind waiting, we've got time.
miss - I miss talking with my sisters.
remember - Do you remember going to Italy?
risk - Jeff's always late. He risks losing his job.
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stop - Don't stop singing, it's really nice.
suggest - I suggest having lunch first.
Gerunds are also used after some phrasal verbs. For example:
- If you keep on doing the same thing, you'll get the same results.
- She wants to give up drinking coffee.
Verb + Infinitive
Below are some common verbs that can be followed by infinitives, but not usually gerunds.
aim - I'm aiming to finish this book by the end of March.
afford - I can't afford to buy new clothes.
agree - My boss agreed to give me a reference.
decide - We decided to have a baby.
deserve - You deserve to have a better score.
forget - Don't forget to lock the door.
hope - I hope to go to Harvard Business School.
learn - I learnt to read when I was 3 years old.
mean - I'm sorry, I didn't mean to make you angry.
need - You don't need to study a lot, you need to study a little for a long time.
offer - He offered to help me carry these bags.
plan - They plan to go abroad next year.
pretend - He's pretending to be sick.
promise - She promised to be here on time.
refuse - Why do they always refuse to listen?
seem - She seems to be really intelligent.
1-language.com- Online English Courses - Unit 38
Grammar
Gerunds and Infinitives: Verb + Gerund or Infinitive
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund. These verbs in turn can be subdivided
into two groups, verbs with little difference in meaning, and verbs with a distinct change in
meaning.
Verb + Gerund or Infinitive: Little difference in meaning.
20
Here are some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds or infinitives with little change in
meaning. A change of meaning may still exist however, as there are almost limitless combinations
of verbs and gerunds/infinitives.
begin - She began to sing. - He began working here last year.
bother - Don't bother to wash the dishes. I'll do it. - Don't bother washing the dishes. I'll do it.
continue - You can continue to live here for 6 months. - You can continue living here for 6
months.
start - I started to learn the clarinet when I was 8. I started learning the clarinet when I was 8.
love / like / hate /prefer
These four verbs use the gerund for situations or actions in progress. The infinitive is used for
factual information.
hate
- I hate working at my new job (I'm workng there now.)
- I hate to work on Sundays. (specific time and situation)
like
- I like playing the piano. (I like the process andfeeling of playing the piano.)
- I like to play the piano. (It's a fact I like to play the piano.)
love
- I love living in the country. (I'm probably living there now.)
- I love to live in the country. (Generally speaking I like the country, maybe I'm not living there
now.)
prefer
- I prefer to study by myself. (Sounds factual)
- I prefer studying by myself. (Sounds more personal, perhaps I'm studying now.)
These verbs are also often used with would and the infinitive, and refer to specific situations. For
example:
- I would love to go to China.
- We would prefer to meet at 7.00.
Allow / permit
Allow and permit have one pattern for gerunds and another for infinitives.
allow + gerund - My teacher doesn't allow eating in class.
allow + object + infinitive - My teacher doesn't allow us to eat in class.
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permit + gerund - My teacher doesn't permit eating in class.
permit + object + infinitive - My teacher doesn't permit us to eat in class.
-----
1-language.com- Online English Courses - Unit 39
Grammar
Verb + Gerund or Infinitive: Distinct difference in meaning.
These verbs can be followed by gerunds or infinitives but with a change in meaning.
forget / regret / remember
When these verbs are used with a gerund they refer to something that happened before a certain
time. When they are used with an infinitive they refer to something that happens at or after a
certain time.
forget
Forget with the gerund is often used with never for a memorable previous action.
- I'll never forget going to Japan.
Forget with the infinitive means something happens at or after a certain time.
- Don't forget to meet me at 5.00.
regret
Regret with the gerund refers to a previous action.
- I don't regret leaving my job.
Regret with the infinitive is used to give bad news in a formal, polite way. It's often used with the
verbs to say, to announce, to tell you and to inform you.
- We regret to inform you the interview is cancelled.
remember
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Remember with the gerund refers to a previous action.
- I remember meeting you last year. (I met you before now).
Remember with the infinitive is used for something that happens at or after a certain time.
- Please remember to close the door. (in the future please close the door.)
go on
Go on with the gerund means to continue an action in progress. For example:
- I want to go on studying here.
Go on with the infinitive means to do something new. For example:
- After university, he went on to study law.
mean
mean with the gerund shows negative consequence. For example:
- You can buy a new car, but it means spending a lot of money.
mean with the infinitive shows intention.
- He means to leave his job next month.
- I didn't mean to make you angry.
try
Try with the gerund is used for suggestions.
- "I need to lose weight." "Try exercising and eating healthy food".
- "I'm really hot." "Try sitting here, it's much cooler."
Try with the infinitive means to attempt something.
- I tried to lift it but I can't.
- I'll try to finish this by tomorrow morning.
stop
stop with the gerund means to end an action.
- I stopped eating fast food last year.
- I can't stop loving you.
- Stop being so annoying!
stop with the infinitive means to interrupt an action.
- I was walking to the subway station, and I stopped to say "Hi" to my friends.
- I was working at home, and I stopped to answer the 'phone.
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come
come with the gerund means movement with a sense of surprise or excitement.
- The ball came flying toward me - it almost hit me on the head!
- Don't come running to me! (this means don't expect sympathy)
come with the infinitive means a change in perception.
- I thought he wasn't smart, but I came to realize he's very talented.
- I didn't like teaching, but I came to like it.
come with the infinitive can also mean just reason.
- Why did you come? - I came to watch a movie.
help
help is often used with an infinitive.
- I helped to make dinner.
help is also used without to, especially in American conversational English.
- I helped make the dinner.
help is also used with with and the gerund.
- I helped with making the dinner.
These three usages have similar meanings.
Help with the gerund is also used with can't to mean a reaction beyond the subject's control.
- I can't help laughing.
- Those kids are noisy, but I can't help liking them.
When I saw his funny face, I couldn’t but laugh.
=When I saw his funny face, I couldn’t help laughing.
=When I saw his funny face, I couldn’t help but laugh.
-----------------------------------------------------
On Line Grammar Exercises
Exercise (1) Gerunds vs. Infinitives Quiz 1
http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/gerinf1.php
Exercise (2) Gerunds vs. Infinitives Quiz 2
http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/gerinf2.php
Exercise (3) Gerund or Infinitive
http://a4esl.org/q/f/z/zz97mkm.htm
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Adverb Clauses
If S1=S2, then omit S1 and change V1 to be V-ing phrase or V-ed phrase
V1-ing phrase, SVO.
Vi-ed phrase, SVO.
(a) 表時間 adv. conj.:

When
when, while, once, after, etc.
saw me, he went away.
=When seeing me, he went away.
=Seeing me, he went away.

When he had finished his work, he joined the game.
=When having finished his work, he joined the game.
=Having finished his work, he…
(b) 表原因 adv. conj.:

because, as, etc.
Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.
=
( c) 表條件 adv. conj.:

if, unless, etc.
If you take exercise every morning, you will improve your health.
=
(d) 表讓步 adv. conj.: although, though, even though, even if, etc.

簡化  分詞句構
Adv. conj + S1 + V1 + O1, S2 + V2 + O2.
Pattern:
Process:

副詞連接詞子句
Although he was wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
=Although (being) wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
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 補充:
He is kind. We like him.
He is kind. We don’t like him.
SVO, so SVO
SVO, but SVO
SVO. Therefore, SVO.
SVO. However, SVO.
SVO. Thus SVO.
SVO. Nevertheless(,) SVO.
SVO; therefore, SVO
SVO; however, SVO.
SVO; thus SVO.
SVO; nevertheless(,)SVO
On-Line Adverb Clauses Exercises
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/adverb_clauses_ex.htm
Noun Clauses 名詞子句
(1) that-clause
(2) whether-clause
(3) wh- clause (who, what, when, where, which + why & how)
(1) that + SVO

That he loves me is true.--------It is true that he loves me.

I know that he loves me.
(2) whether + SVO

I don’t know whether he loves.
(3) wh-clause (when, where, why, how) + SVO

I don’t know when he came.

I don’t know where he lives.

I don’t know why he did it.

I don’t know how he did it.
(3*) wh-clause (who, what, which) + Vt O / S Vt

I don’t know who did it / whom I love.
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
I don’t know what happened / what I can do.

I don’t know which (one) is good for you / which (one) you like.
Exercise A
Use who, what, when, where, which, why, and how to construct direct questions and indirect questions:

Direct question:

Indirect questions:
Wh……………………………….?
Do you know wh………………………………..?
Exercise B
Compare the following sentences:

I don’t know (1) how I can do it (2) what I can do.

I don’t know (1) how to do it (2) what to do.
On-Line Noun Clauses
http://www.eslgold.com/site.jsp?sk=D2IPZvVVflhXnnTJ&resource=pag_stu_grammar_expl_exa_exer_hi
_noun_cla
Adjective (Relative) Clauses 形容詞子句
關係代名詞 : who, whom (代替人), which (代替物)
A: 三原則
…a man who loves me..
(a) 關代 N 前一定有 N. 當 先行詞:…a man whom I love…
…a book which I like…
(b) 關代 N 當形容詞子句中的 S, O., 或 Be-V. 補語
(c) 當 (b) 不成立時，關代 N 前應有介系詞
…a man whom I enjoy working…[I enjoy working for/with him.]
…a man for whom I enjoy working.
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…the house which we live is very large. [We live in the house.]
…the house in which we live is very large.
= where
B. 二用法
（”逗句”和
”不逗句”）
(a) 非限定修飾：先行詞具獨特性，專一性，所以無須加以限定
 I met John, who is a good friend of mine.
簡化為同位語 I met John,
 John,
(being) a good friend of mine.
a good friend of mine, came to see me.
同位語的位置 John, ____, came to see me.
 ______, John came to see me.
 Halloween, which falls on October 31, is one of the most unusual holidays in the U.S.
(b) 限定修飾：先行詞不具特性，須加以指定修飾
 …the girl who danced here yesterday 簡化: the girl dancing here yesterday…
…the boy who is standing over there 簡化: ________________________
…the car which is parked over there 簡化: _________________________
 Here is my mother, who loves me very much. 中譯ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
Here is my mother who loves me very much. 中譯ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
C. "that" 可當 關代 N,
取代 who, whom, which, 但 注意:
(1). that 之前不准有逗點;  that 僅出現於 "限定修飾 法" 中:
 the girl, that comes here every Monday
(2). that 之前 不可有介系詞
the house in that I live
in which
On-Line Relative Clauses Exercises
http://www.edict.com.hk/vlc/clauses/frames1.htm
28
Grammar Notes
The Purpose of a Sentence
The other classifications in this chapter describe how you construct your sentences, but this last
set describes why you have written the sentences in the first place. Most sentences which you
write should simply state facts, conjectures, or arguments, but sometimes you will want to give
commands or ask questions.
The Declarative Sentence
The declarative sentence is the most important type. You can, and often will write entire essays or
reports using only declarative sentences, and you should always use them far more often than any
other type. A declarative sentence simply states a fact or argument, without requiring either an
answer or action from the reader. You punctuate your declarative sentences with a simple period:
Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
The distinction between deconstruction and post-modernism eludes me.
He asked which path leads back to the lodge.
Note that the last example contains an indirect question, "which path leads back to the lodge." An
indirect question does not make a sentence into an interrogative sentence -- only a direct question
can do that.
The Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a direct question and always ends in a question mark:
Who can read this and not be moved?
How many roads must a man walk down?
Does money grow on trees?
Note that an indirect question does not make a sentence interrogative:
Direct/Interrogative
When was Lester Pearson prime minister?
29
Indirect/Declarative
I wonder when Lester Pearson was prime minister.
A direct question requires an answer from the reader, while an indirect question does not.
The Rhetorical Question
Normally, an essay or report will not contain many regular direct questions, since you are writing it
to present information or to make an argument. There is, however, a special type of direct question
called a rhetorical question -- that is, a question which you do not actually expect the reader to
answer:
Why did the War of 1812 take place? Some scholars argue that it was simply a
land-grab by the Americans ...
If you do not overuse them, rhetorical questions can be a very effective way to introduce new
topics or problems in the course of a paper; if you use them too often, however, you may sound
patronising and/or too much like a professor giving a mediocre lecture.
The Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, is simply a more forceful version of a declarative
sentence, marked at the end with an exclamation mark:
The butler did it!
How beautiful this river is!
Some towns in Upper Canada lost up to a third of their population during the
cholera epidemics of the early nineteenth century!
Exclamatory sentences are common in speech and (sometimes) in fiction, but over the last 200
years they have almost entirely disappeared from academic writing. You will (or should) probably
never use one in any sort of academic writing, except where you are quoting something else
directly. Note that an exclamation mark can also appear at the end of an imperative sentence.
30
The Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives a direct command to someone -- this type of sentence can end
either with a period or with an exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is:
Sit!
Read this book for tomorrow.
You should not usually use an exclamation mark with the word "please":
Wash the windows!
Please wash the windows.
Normally, you should not use imperative sentences in academic writing. When you do use an
imperative sentence, it should usually contain only a mild command, and thus, end with a period:
Consider the Incas.
31
English Grammar - Questions
1) Yes/No questions and short answers with the verb to be
Subject and verb change their positions in statement and question.
statement:
question:
You are
Are you
from Germany.
from Germany?
Always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No".
NOTE:
If the answer is "Yes" use the long form. Example: Yes, I am.
Yes,
I
am.
No,
I
am
not.
Are
you
from Germany?
Is
he
your friend?
Yes,
he
is.
Are
Peter and
John
from England?
Yes,
they
are.
2) Questions with question words and the verb to be
question
word
verb
rest
answer
Where
are
you from?
I'm from Stuttgart.
What
is
your name?
My name
How
are
Pat and Sue? They're fine.
is
Peter.
3a) Yes/No questions and short answers with the verb to have
auxiliary subject
verb
rest
Yes/
32
subject auxiliary
No
+ n't (where
necessary)
Have
you
got
a cat?
Yes,
I
have.
Have
you
got
a new
car?
No,
we
haven't.
Has
your
brother
got
a bike?
Yes,
he
has.
3b) Questions with question words and the verb to have
question
auxiliary subject verb rest
word
Where
have
you
got
your
ruler?
answer
I've got it in my
pencil case.
4a) Questions without question words in the Simple Present
auxiliary +
auxiliary
subject
verb
rest
Do
you
read
book?
Does
Peter
play
football?
Yes/No
subject
n't (where
necessary)
Yes,
I
do.
No,
I
don't.
Yes,
he
does.
4b) Questions with question words in the Simple Present
question
auxiliary
subject
verb rest
What
do
you
play
on your
computer?
I play games on my
computer.
When
does
your
mother
go
to work?
She goes to work at 6
o'clock.
Where
do
you
meet your friends?
word
33
answer
I meet them at the
bus stop.
5a) Questions without question words in the Simple Past
auxiliary subject verb
rest
Did
Max
play
football?
Did
you
watch
the film
yesterday?
Yes/No
auxiliary +
subject n't (where
necessary)
Yes,
he
did.
No,
he
didn't.
Yes,
I
did.
No,
I
didn't.
BUT:
to be
subject
xxx
rest
Yes/No
auxiliary +
n't (where
subject
necessary)
Were
in Leipzig last
week?
you
Yes,
I
was.
No,
I
wasn't.
5b) Questions with question words in the Simple Past
question
auxiliary subject verb rest
word
answer
What
did
you
do
I
When
did
she
meet her boyfriend?
She met him
yesterday.
Where
did
they
go
They
yesterday evening?
after the match?
did
my homework.
went
to a café.
BUT:
question
word
to be subject xxxxx
rest
Where
were you
yesterday? I
6. Questions with who and what
subject question
34
answer
was
at the cinema.
question
verb rest
word
subject verb
Who
Peter
runs to the shop?
object
- place -
time
runs to the shop.
object question
question
auxiliary subject verb
word
Who
do
you
like?
Who
did
Mandy
phone
rest
answer
I like my
last
Monday?
mum.
Mandy phoned
NOTE!
subject question
Who
phoned
object question
John?
Who
35
did
John
phone?
her uncle.
How to form questions - 3
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/fragen3.htm
Form a question. Ask for the underlined phrase in the sentence. Mind the
question mark at the end.
Example:
Answer:
The class plays football.
______________________
The class plays football.
What does the class play?
1. On Thursday Peter has got German, History and Maths.
2. Yesterday Carol and Jane went to the swimming pool.
3. Sarah has to stop because of a security check.
4. The boys are hiding under Tom's bed.
5. Andrew's new mountain bike costs €1000.
6. The children prefer porridge for breakfast.
7. The telephone is ringing.
8. At sunset Peter and Sally are walking along the beach.
Check
Show answ er
36
Indirect Questions in English
by Francis Lide
Elaine Bacon Literacy Program
In direct questions, the verb is either first or comes immediately after the question
word:
Is she at home? Can you help me? Has she told them? How is she feeling?
(With auxiliary do:) Does he understand? What did she say?
Indirect yes/no question:
Do you know if she is at home?
to first position.)
(Supply if or whether , usually if.
Subject back
Indirect wh- question (who, when, what, where, how). Note that the do disappears.
What did he say?
Becomes:
Do you know what he said?
Contrasting examples:
Direct question
Indirect (embedded) question
Is she at home?
Do you know if she is at home?
Can you help me?
Do you think you can help me?
Has she told them?
Do you know if she has told them
(She is sick:) How is she feeling?
Have you heard how she is feeling?
Does he understand?
Do you think he understands?
What did she say?
Do you know what she said?
Exercises:
1. (When does our flight leave?) Do you know . . .?
2. (Where is she living now?) Do you know . . . ?
3. (One person asks: Can you do that or not?) The other answers: I don’t know . . .
4. (Did she send the letter?) Do you know . . . ?
5. (What does he do for a living?) Do you know . . . ?
6. (Did he understand me?) Do you think . . . ?
7. How do they do that?
Do you know . . . ?
37
8. What does this word mean?
9. What does that cost?
10. Who is that?
Can you tell me . . .?
Do you have any idea . . . ?
Do you know . . .?
Answers
Direct question
Indirect (embedded) question
Is she at home?
Do you know if she is at home?
Can you help me?
Do you think you can help me?
Has she told them?
Do you know if she has told them
(She is sick:) How is she
feeling?
Have you heard how she is feeling?
Does he understand?
Do you think he understands?
What did she say?
Do you know what she said?
When does our flight leave?
Do you know when our flight
leaves?
Where is she living now?
Do you know where she’s living
now?
Can you do that or not?
I don’t know whether I can do that
or not.
Did she send the letter?
Do you know if she sent the letter?
What does he do for a
living?
Do you know what he does for a
living?
Did he understand me?
Do you think he understood me?
How do they do that?
Do you know how they do that?
38
What does this word mean?
Can you tell me what this word
means?
What does that cost?
Do you have any idea what that
costs?
Who is that?
Do you know who that is?
39
Indirect Questions
Start the sentence with the words given in parentheses.
Click the answer button to see the answer.
http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/indirectques.html
1. Who built that enormous bridge? (I wonder...)
I wonder who built that enormous bridge.
2. What's Brazil like? (I want to find out...)
Answ er
3. Did Benjamin Franklin write 'Poor Richard's Almanac'? (I can't remember ....)
Answ er
4. How do you do it? (Can you tell me ...)
Answ er
5. Who did you meet at the party? (I'd like to know ...)
Answ er
6. How long have you been waiting for me? (I wonder ...)
Answ er
7. What happened to them? (Nobody cares ...)
Answ er
8. How important is that meeting to the company? (Can you tell me ...)
Answ er
9. When was the film produced? (Nobody remembers ...)
Answ er
10. Have they flown an ultralight too? (I don't know ...)
Answ er
11. What is it called in English? (I can't remember ....)
Answ er
12. Should people be allowed to smoke in public places? (I'd like to know ....)
Answ er
More exercises:
http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/gramcheck/nounclause1.html
40
Indirect questions and speech
e16
Change into INDIRECT QUESTIONS:
1. The teacher asked Joe: 'Why did you break that window?'
2. Tania wanted to know: 'Does the earth go round the sun?'
3. The teacher wondered: 'Has John had his hair cut?'
4. The boss asked me: 'Does Peter really intend to fly to London tomorrow?'
5. Bill asked Julia: 'What's your landlady's name?'
6. He also asked her: 'Do you know a girl called Naomi who works at the library?'
7. Sue asked Henry: 'Shall we wait until the others come back?'
8. The teacher asked: 'What's the capital of Australia?'
9. The policeman asked me: 'Can you read that sign?'
10. He added: 'Do you want to go to prison?'
41
e17
INDIRECT SPEECH Text
The carpenter was astonished that such a weird, weak-looking creature as Nasrudin was applying
for a job. 'Okay, I'll give you a chance,' said the doubtful carpenter finally. 'Take this axe and chop
as much lumber as you can.' At dusk Nasrudin returned. 'How many trees have you felled?' asked
the carpenter. 'All the timber in the forest,' Nasrudin replied. Shocked, the carpenter glanced out of
his window. There were no trees standing on the hillside. Nasrudin had destroyed the entire forest.
'Where did you learn to chop lumber?' asked the astonished carpenter. 'In the Sahara Desert,'
answered Nasrudin. 'That's ridiculous!' exclaimed the carpenter. 'There aren't any trees in the
desert!' 'There aren't any, NOW,' said Nasrudin calmly.
Turn the carpenter's and Nasrudin's direct speech into indirect (reported) speech.
42