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1. Introduction
§1. Diagramming clause structure
Clause
no function assigned because
the clause is not part of any larger construction
function
Subject
category
Predicate
NP
VP
head element of clause
Predicator
Object
cats
V
NP
like
water
head word of clause
※ Predicators select key content of clauses
||
(internal)
(subject --- external complement)
head ---license-----> complement
Object / Predicative complement /
主要部
PP complement / Finite subordinate
補部
clause /
Non-finite clause
five canonical clause structures
S—P, S—P—PC, S—P—O, S—P—O—O, S—P—O—PC
(その他 S—P—PPC, S—P—O—PPC など)
adjunct 付加部: not restricted by the head(no need to be licensed by the head)
= occur more freely
2. The subject
2.1
Distinctive
syntactic
language-particular definintion
properties
of
the
subject
in
English
typically NP / subordinate clause
(a) basic position before the verb
(b) case of the pronoun in subject: nominative (cf. accusative of objects)
(c) verb agreement
(d) subject-auxiliary inversion
2.2 Traditional errors in defining the subject: related to their inappropriateness at
language-particular level
(a) subject is not alway the actor
(b) subject is not alway the topic
3. Distinctive syntactic properties of the object in English
language-particular
definintion
(v) basic position immediately after the verb
(iv) case of the pronoun in object: accusative (cf. nominative of subjects)
(i) must be licensed by the verb because it is a special case of a complement
(iii) corresponds to the subject of an associated passive clause
3.1 Syntactic distinction between direct and indirect object
1. position: IO > DO
2. fronting: Indirect Object = ?, *
Direct Object = generally OK
4. Predicative complements
Semantic differences between PC and O
・O: a participant in the situation.
・PC: a property that is ascribed to the referent of the subject NP.
Syntactic differences between PC and O
(a) PC can have the form of AdjP (as well as NP). [21]
(b) PC can have the form of a bare role NP. [22]
(c) PC does not correspond to the subject of a passive clause. [23]
(d) PC can have the form of a nominative pronoun (as well as an accusative one)
※ can → そう言う場合も（そうでない場合も）ありうる
subjective and objective predicative complement
The predicand of a subjective PC is the subject.
The predicand of an objective PC is the object
※ “Predicand” means what the PC is predicating.
5. Five canonical clause structures: 上を見よ
※ most verbs occur in more than one of the clause structures → Uses of a verb
e.g. We made lunch.
S—P—O
We made them lunch.
We made them happy.
S—P—Oi—Od
S—P—O—PC
Name
Obejct の数
名称
0
intransitive
in- = not → 「transitive でない」
1
monotransitive
mono- = 一つの
2
ditransitive
di- = 二つの
Predicative complement の有無
名称
無し
ordinary
有り
complex
6. Adjunct
head <---> dependent
complement
adjunct
※ Complements have to be licensed by the particular head verb whereas adjuncts
do not.
6.1 Semantic kinds of adjuncts [30]
6.2 The form of adjuncts
[31] i.
Adverb (phrase)
ii. PP
iii. NP
iv. Finite clause
v.
Non-finite clause
6.3 Modifiers and supplements = 2 kinds of adjuncts： clause との関係の強さ
Modifiers are tightly integrated into the clause structure and intonationally unified.
Supplements are only loosely attached and set apart intonationally.