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ROME Rise and Fall the grandeur that was… Rome Brought GrecoRoman culture to North and West Europe • Rome can be considered as the ancient “superpower” • Rome unified Europe, and was responsible for the spread of GrecoRoman culture in Europe • Rome laid the foundation for the Middle Age European culture which will be the shared culture/history of Europe • Rome became the model for future imperialistic ambitions Chapter 13: New Wars and New Warriors • What is the main story of this chapter? • According to the author, what were the Romans like? • How did Rome begin its territorial expansion? • Who are the Carthaginians? Who is Hannibal? What happened between these people and the Romans? Rise of the republic • The Romans subjugated the Etruscans (the Myth of Lucretia and Tarquin) • The Romans led a militaristic life – “expand and exploit” • The Romans established a republic – A “king-less” government system • But the Republic was still a system ruled by the elite. Early Republic • The plebeians demanded reforms • Rome felt threatened by Carthage – Punic Wars (246-146 BCE) – Hannibal – Eventually led to the conquest of North Africa and Spain • Greece was annexed • Carthaginians and Greeks were enslaved Chapter 15: Rulers of the Western World • How did the Romans rule their empire? • Why did the Romans develop “blind devotion” to their generals and soldiers? • Who is Marius and Sulla? • Who is Julius Caesar? Why was he assassinated? Post-Punic Wars • A period of chaos, political struggles/violence, and slave insurrections • Spartacus led a slave rebellion (73-71 BCE) • Gracchi brothers’ attempts at reforms failed • First Triumvirate: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompey tried to make political reforms Julius Caesar • “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered • Conquered Gaul (France) and Asia Minor – Transformed North-West Europe into a Roman province • Revised the calendar into 12 months and 365 days, adding 1 day every 4 years • Assassinated in the Senate Octavian • Formed the Second Triumvirate (with Mark Anthony and Lepidus) to avenge Julius’s death • Became the first Roman “emperor” • Established the Roman Principate • called himself “Augustus” meaning “honored and majestic” • He also adopted the name “Caesar” which from then on became a title of leadership Chapter 17: Life in the Empire and at its frontiers • What were the benefits of living in the Roman empire? • Who became the biggest threat to the Roman reign by 100 CE? • How did Christianity become Rome’s official religion? Pax Romana • A period of peace (or political stability) lasting for 200 years • Caused by a series of good leaders – Nerva started a practice of picking the “most promising” young man instead of choosing a son or a relative as successor • Ended when Marcus Aurelius chose his son Commodus as successor Decline of Rome 1. Internal political instability - Lack of law of succession Lack of constitutional means of reform 2. Indifference of larger population - Many were alienated and were not made part of the political life 3. The Slave System did not contribute to a stable economy 4. Constant barbaric threat - Visigoths (Germanic tribes) - Huns - constant warfare led to migration of people and the failure of economy 5. Lack of unifying “civic ideals” Towards the Middle Ages • Diocletian divided Rome into two • Constantine converted to Christianity • Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire • In 400 AD, West Rome fell under the Germans