Download IXL Grammar Rules - Coronado High School

Rules:
Complete Subject:
Every sentence has a complete subject and a complete predicate.
The complete subject tells who or what is doing something. It can be one word or
more than one word.
She sleeps a lot.
Her friend sleeps a lot.
Her best friend sleeps a lot.
Each complete subject tells who sleeps a lot.
Simple Subject:
Every sentence has a subject and a predicate.
The simple subject tells who or what is doing something. It is just the subject noun or
pronoun without any other words that tell more about it.
She sleeps a lot.
Her friend sleeps a lot.
Her best friend sleeps a lot.
Each simple subject tells who sleeps a lot.
Complete Predicate
The complete predicate tells what the subject is doing. It is the verb plus any other
words that tell more about it. It can be one word or more than one word.
Her friend sleeps.
Her friend sleeps a lot.
Her friend sleeps a lot on the weekend.
Each complete predicate tells what her friend does.
Simple Predicate
The simple predicate tells what the subject is doing. It is just the verb without any
other words that tell more about it.
Her friend sleeps.
Her friend sleeps a lot.
Her friend sleeps a lot on the weekend.
Each simple predicate tells what her friend does.
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Prepositions: A preposition is a connecting word. It comes before a noun or pronoun
and connects it to the rest of the sentence. The noun or pronoun that comes after the
preposition is called the object of the preposition. The preposition and it’s object plus
any words between create a prepositional phrase.
I will call you after dinner.
The preposition is after. It connects the object, dinner, to the rest of the sentence.
We walked across the wet grass.
The preposition is across. It connects the object, grass, to the rest of the sentence.
Most prepositions tell about time, place, or movement, but some do not.
Time:
I will call you after dinner.
Place:
The sunglasses on the table are mine.
Movement:
We walked across the wet grass.
Other:
Did you read the book about wolves?
Most Common:
aboard
along
about
amid
above
among
across
around
after
at
against
before
behind but(except)
below
by
beneath
down
beside
during
between
except
beyond
for
from
in
inside
into
like near
of
off
past
until
on
since
up
onto through
upon
out
to
with
outside toward within
over under
underneath without
NOTE: The subject nor the verb/predicate are NEVER in a prepositional phrase.
The cake is for Sally’s birthday.
cake=subject
is = verb/predicate
for Sally’s birthday = prepositional phrase
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Sentence Structure:
A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.
An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence.
A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.
The oranges on our tree are ripe
The clause can stand alone. It is independent.
After we pick up Kevin from work
The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.
A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.
Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.
Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of
the predicate.
In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.
Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.
A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so. FANBOYS or a semicolon (;)
We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.
He never eats fish; it upsets his stomach.
A complex sentence is made up of an independent (parent) clause and a
dependent(child) clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating
conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until,
when, or while.
If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.
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NOUNS: GRADE 5
A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that is a physical object.
This means that you can see, hear, smell, taste, or touch it.
Friend
home
Luke
flower
An abstract noun names an idea, feeling, quality, or concept. It is not a physical object.
This means you can think about an abstract noun, but you can't see, hear, smell,
taste, or touch it. Power fear wisdom Sunday
A common noun names a general type of person, place, thing, or idea.
It is not the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
A common noun is not capitalized unless it is the first word of a sentence.
A proper noun is the specific name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
A proper noun is always capitalized.
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Boy
Jacob
Day
Tuesday
Street
Elm Street
City
Chicago
POSSESIVE NOUNS GRADE: 6
Rule: When creating the possessive of a noun ALWAYS add apostrophe and s ‘s
UNLESS it is plural AND ends in s then add only an apostrophe (‘)
A possessive noun shows who or what owns something or has something.
Add an apostrophe and -s ('s) to a singular noun to make it a possessive noun.
Matt → Matt's glove
the bird → the bird's wings
When a plural noun ends in -s, add an apostrophe (') to make it a possessive noun.
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the boys → the boys' camp
the schools → the schools' teams
When a plural noun does not end in -s, add an apostrophe and -s ('s) to make it a
possessive noun.
the children → the children's toys
the mice → the mice's tails
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: GRADE 4
Some possessive pronouns come before a noun.
They are my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
That is Tasha’s car.
That is her car.
Some possessive pronouns appear without a noun.
They are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.
That is Tasha’s car.
That is hers.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS: GRADE 5
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or nouns.
Singular pronouns take the place of singular nouns (one person, place, or thing).
Lea liked the book.
She liked it.
(She takes the place of Lea, and it takes the place of the book.)
These are singular pronouns:
I, you, he, she, it, me, him, her
Plural pronouns take the place of plural nouns (more than one person, place, or thing).
The kids liked the books.
They liked them.
(They takes the place of the kids. Them takes the place of the books.)
These are plural pronouns:
we, you, they, us, them
You can use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence or clause.
It tells who is doing something, and it is usually at the beginning of the sentence.
The subject pronouns are I,you, he, she, it, we, and they.
I hug Rick.
The subject pronoun I is the subject of the sentence.
You can use an object pronoun after an action verb.
You can also use an object pronoun after a preposition (like at, for, of, on, to, or with). The
object pronouns are me, you, him,her, it, us, and them.
Rick hugs me.
The object pronoun me is used after an action verb, hugs.
Rick smiles at me.
The object pronoun me is used after a preposition, at.
When a pronoun is connected to a noun with the word and (like Rick and I or Rick and me),
it can be hard to tell which pronoun is correct.
To tell which one is correct, look at the sentence without the other noun.
Rick and I like the teacher.
I like the teacher.
The subject pronoun I is used as the subject of the sentence.
The teacher likes Rick and me.
The teacher likes me.
The object pronoun me is used after the action verb, likes.
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REFLEXIVE
AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS: GRADE 6
subject
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that end in -self or -selves.
Subject (singular)
Reflexive pronoun
I
Myself
You
Yourself
She
Herself
He
Himself
It
Itself
Subject (plural)   Reflexive pronoun
We
Ourselves
You
Yourselves
They
Themselves
A reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears.
It should agree with that subject.
We helped ourselves to some more soup.
The subject of the sentence is we, so use ourselves.
After the guests left, Amy made herself a cup of tea.
The subject of the clause in which the pronoun appears is Amy.
Amy can be called she, so use herself.
A reflexive pronoun can only be used to refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears.
To refer to someone else or something else, a personal pronoun, like me, you, him, her, it, us, or them, should be used
instead.
Jake wrote a note for himself.
The reflexive pronoun, himself, refers back to the subject, Jake.
Jake wrote a note for him.
The personal pronoun, him, must refer to someone other than the subject, Jake.
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5th Sentences, fragments, and run-ons
A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject
and a verb.
My friends walk along the path.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It
is usually missing a subject or a verb.
Knows the answer.
This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.
Who knows the answer? She knows the answer.
The bright red car.
This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.
What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.
A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject
and a verb.
My friends walk along the path.
A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end
punctuation or with just a comma.
I knocked on the door it opened.
It started raining, we ran inside.
To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the
first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.
I knocked on the door. It opened.
It started raining. We ran inside.
You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound
sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or,
or so.
I knocked on the door, and it opened.
It started raining, so we ran inside.
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