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[1] Virology study guide for mid-exam Part two 1. Virus infectious life cycle Viruses can multiply only in active host cells, the replicate cycle of viruses can be divided into number of stages: • • • • • Attachment Viruses attaches to cell membrane Penetration By endocytosis or fusion Uncoating By viral or host enzymes Biosynthesis Production of nucleic acid and proteins Maturation Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble • Release By budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture على الطالب ان يعرف ترتيب هذت الخطوات وما فائدة كل خطوة وكيف تختلف الفيروسات بينها واي خطوة يحتاج الفيروس الى الطاقة او االنزيمات حتى ينفذ العملية 1. Factors important for attachment: the virus particles present and 2. the availability of appropriate receptors molecules, virus-cell interaction determines both the host range and tissue tropism of viral species . Viruses can select a point where they can utilizethe wide range of host cell surface proteins as receptors. 2. What’s mean by tissue tropism? 3. What’s are the ligand and receptor sites for HIV? Steps of entrya. receptors-mediated endocytosis occur after virus attaches to receptors and particular sites on the plasma membrane, this virus receptors complex is taken in to the cell in specialized vesicles, then by acidification within the vesicles 1. lead to degradation of viral structures 2. b. In enveloped viruses (Paramyxovirus, Retrovirus and Herpesvirus), involves fusion of the viral envelop with the plasma membrane , this allows release of the nucleocapsid directly into the host cells cytoplasm. [2] 3. c. Direct introduction or translocation of viral genomes into the cytoplasm through channels in the plasma membrane e.g. non-enveloped viruses(Picornavirus). 4. Uncoating means:- the process where by the viral genome is released in a form suitable for transcription. Examples: 5. replication of DNA virus:Differences between dsDNA and ssDNA, also between SSRNA (+ or -). What’s kind of enzymes they need? Example of retrovirus and other viruses. 6. Comparison between biosynthesis of RNA and DNA viruses (Table). 7. Where does the Assembly of virus particle occurs? Do not forget the examples. 8. What’s the difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage cycles? 9. Specialized transduction? 10. Compare between phage and animal virus multiplication? (Table) 11. Differences between exocytosis and latency? 12. Role of specific and non-specific recognition in virus lysis. 13. What’ the effects of virus on the host? 14. Pathogenesis? 15. Requirement for successful infection. 16. One virus example for rout of entry. 17. Effect of virus infection at cellular level? Cellular injury Inclusion bodies 18. What’s the inclusion bodies? Type. Example of viruses 19. Latent infection: where? Name of viruses, character of growth? 20. Difference between acute, chronic and latent virus infection. 21. Congenital viruses? 22. Examples of pathogenesis- the sequences; step by step, when virus go to blood, antibodies, incubation period. 23. Host response (all important to the end) [3] 24. Do viruses produce toxins and can the body produce anti-toxins against them? 25. Antibody-mediated immunity 26. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) 27. Active immunization 28. Passive immunization 29. Type of vaccines? 30. Antiviral mode of action and virus example. The end