Download Human Respiration, Excretion, and Locomotion

Respiration
involves _________________ (remember
aerobic and anaerobic means to
produce adenosine triphosphate—ATP
from glucose!)
Respiration
involves __________________ (the
actual act of breathing/gas exchange)—
__________________________________
RESPIRATION IN HUMANS
the respiratory system is composed of a network
of passageways which permit air to flow from the
external environment to the internal environment
Parts of Respiratory System
1) nasal cavity:
air enters the body through the
nostrils and winds up in these
passageways
lined with ________________________
which ___________________________
2) pharynx:
where the oral cavity and the nasal
cavity meet
Parts of Respiratory System
3) trachea:
main airway in the human respiratory
system
contains rings of a tough tissue (
_________ ), which keeps this
passageway open
lined with ________________________
A. larynx:
otherwise known as the ____________
B. epiglottis
_________________________________
_________________________________
Parts of Respiratory System
6) alveoli:
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Parts of Respiratory System
4) bronchi:
two major subdivisions that branch off
the trachea
ringed with ___________
lined with ciliated mucus membranes
_________________________________
_________________________________
5) bronchioles:
smaller air passages in the lungs
_________________________________
lined with ciliated mucus membranes
Parts of Respiratory System
Lungs
spongy texture
high surface area
more absorption of O2
alveoli
small air sacs
moist lining
_____________________
_____________________
covered by cilia
_____________________
_____________________
HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS
Moving gases into bloodstream
Inhale
capillaries in lungs
capillaries in muscle
_____________
_____________
_____________
Exhale
O2
O2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
blood
lungs
blood
body
How Breathing Occurs (humans)
____________________________________
the lungs are highly elastic and respond
to the actions of the diaphragm and rib
cage
A. diaphragm:
__________________
__________________
B. rib cage:
__________________
__________________
__________________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Negative pressure breathing
air flows from higher pressure to lower
pressure, rushing into the lungs
Breathing and Homeostasis
Homeostasis
alveoli
ATP
keeping the internal environment of the
body balanced
need to balance O2 in and CO2 out
need to balance energy (ATP) production
Exercise
breathe faster
O2
need more ATP
bring in more O2 & remove more CO2
Disease
poor lung or heart function = breathe faster
need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2
MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1) Bronchitis:
_______________________________
_______________________________
MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
4) Pneumonia:
2) Asthma:
various stimuli can cause responses
characterized by the _____________
_______________________________
3) Emphysema:
a general deterioration of the lungs
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
____________________________________
________________, preventing the normal
exchange of gases
can be life threatening!
5) Lung Cancer:
when ______ (abnormal
masses or growth of
cells or tissues) form in
the lungs
CO2
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Review
Warm, dilute
ocean waters
Keeping an animal alive
Had to evolve organ
systems for:
Warm, dilute
ocean waters
getting materials in &
around
digestive system
respiratory system
circulatory system
removing wastes
respiratory system
excretory system
Unicellular
• All cells in direct contact
with environment
• All cells can easily get
nutrients in & waste out
by diffusion
Multicellular
• Internal cells not in direct
contact with environment
• Internal cells can’t get
nutrients in & waste out
• Need organ systems
MOLECULAR MOVEMENT REVIEW
Animal cells move material across the cell
membrane by diffusion!
nutrients
_________________
from digestive system to
sugar
circulatory system
from circulatory system to
cells
_________________
from respiratory system to
circulatory system to cells
CO2
_________________
_________________
urea from cells to excretory
system
CO2 to circulatory system to
respiratory system
urea
O2
nutrients
sugar
O2
Excretion
____________________________________
____________________________________
METABOLIC
ACTIVITY
respiration
dehydration
synthesis
protein
metabolism
other metabolic
processes
HUMAN WASTES
PRODUCED
Nitrogen waste
The kind of waste
you make depends
on where you live
Land
urea
Freshwater
ammonia
What organs do what?
1) lungs:
Egg layer
uric acid
2) liver:
3) skin (sweat glands):
_____ (98%), _____ and a small amount
of _____ diffuse from the blood into the
sweat glands—excreted by sweating!
__________________________________
__________________________________
are responsible for the excretion of
________________________ (waste
products of aerobic cellular respiration
these are removed as gases during the
process of ______________
site of amino acid breakdown _________________ (contains N)
also recycles worn out red blood cells
4) kidneys:
__________________________________
__________________________________
____________________
nephrons
kidney
The Nephron = The Kidney’s Filter
filtered out (all that is small)
________
________
________
________
________
nephron
not filtered out
________
________
reabsorbed
_______________________
Pathway of Urine
1) kidneys:
site of urine formation
2) ureter:
urine flows from collecting tubes in
kidney down the ureter to the kidney
3) urinary bladder:
urine is temporarily stored in this
muscular sac
4) urethra:
tube where urine leaves the body
↓
to
bladder
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
Human
endoskeleton
1) bones:
206 in the human body
arranged in an internal skeleton—an
___________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_______________ sites for muscles
produces __________________________
ball & socket
hinge
206 bones
pivot
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
2) cartilage:
a flexible connective tissue
__________________________________
___________________
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
3) muscles:
have the ability to ___________________
by sliding fibers over one another
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
A. skeletal muscle:
is striped in appearance
__________________________________
__________________________________
evolved first
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
A. skeletal muscle:
is striped in appearance
moves the bones of the skeletal system
controlled by motor neurons
_____________ bring bones together
_____________ moves bones away
Muscle limits
Muscle fatigue
lack of sugar
lack of ATP
low O2
lactic acid lowers pH which
interferes with protein function
nerve fatigue
loss of chemical transmitter
Muscle cramps
build up of lactic acid
lack of energy (ATP)
ion imbalance
massage or stretching
increases circulation
Diseases of Muscle Tissue
Botox’s Effect on Muscles
Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lou Gehrig’s disease
motor neurons degenerate
blocks release of nerve transmitter
but botulism can be fatal!
muscle
Myasthenia gravis
auto-immune
antibodies to
nerve transmitter
chemical
Stephen Hawking
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
B. smooth (visceral) muscle:
not striped
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
C. cardiac muscle:
has stripes
controls the ______________ heartbeat—
___________________________________
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
4) tendons:
connective tissue connecting _________
___________________
when they become inflammed it is called
_______________
5) ligaments:
tough elastic connective tissue that
connects ______________ at movable
joints
when joints become inflammed, it is
called ___________