Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Respiration involves _________________ (remember aerobic and anaerobic means to produce adenosine triphosphate—ATP from glucose!) Respiration involves __________________ (the actual act of breathing/gas exchange)— __________________________________ RESPIRATION IN HUMANS the respiratory system is composed of a network of passageways which permit air to flow from the external environment to the internal environment Parts of Respiratory System 1) nasal cavity: air enters the body through the nostrils and winds up in these passageways lined with ________________________ which ___________________________ 2) pharynx: where the oral cavity and the nasal cavity meet Parts of Respiratory System 3) trachea: main airway in the human respiratory system contains rings of a tough tissue ( _________ ), which keeps this passageway open lined with ________________________ A. larynx: otherwise known as the ____________ B. epiglottis _________________________________ _________________________________ Parts of Respiratory System 6) alveoli: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Parts of Respiratory System 4) bronchi: two major subdivisions that branch off the trachea ringed with ___________ lined with ciliated mucus membranes _________________________________ _________________________________ 5) bronchioles: smaller air passages in the lungs _________________________________ lined with ciliated mucus membranes Parts of Respiratory System Lungs spongy texture high surface area more absorption of O2 alveoli small air sacs moist lining _____________________ _____________________ covered by cilia _____________________ _____________________ HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS Moving gases into bloodstream Inhale capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle _____________ _____________ _____________ Exhale O2 O2 O2 O2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 blood lungs blood body How Breathing Occurs (humans) ____________________________________ the lungs are highly elastic and respond to the actions of the diaphragm and rib cage A. diaphragm: __________________ __________________ B. rib cage: __________________ __________________ __________________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Negative pressure breathing air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure, rushing into the lungs Breathing and Homeostasis Homeostasis alveoli ATP keeping the internal environment of the body balanced need to balance O2 in and CO2 out need to balance energy (ATP) production Exercise breathe faster O2 need more ATP bring in more O2 & remove more CO2 Disease poor lung or heart function = breathe faster need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2 MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1) Bronchitis: _______________________________ _______________________________ MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 4) Pneumonia: 2) Asthma: various stimuli can cause responses characterized by the _____________ _______________________________ 3) Emphysema: a general deterioration of the lungs _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ____________________________________ ________________, preventing the normal exchange of gases can be life threatening! 5) Lung Cancer: when ______ (abnormal masses or growth of cells or tissues) form in the lungs CO2 Unicellular vs. Multicellular Review Warm, dilute ocean waters Keeping an animal alive Had to evolve organ systems for: Warm, dilute ocean waters getting materials in & around digestive system respiratory system circulatory system removing wastes respiratory system excretory system Unicellular • All cells in direct contact with environment • All cells can easily get nutrients in & waste out by diffusion Multicellular • Internal cells not in direct contact with environment • Internal cells can’t get nutrients in & waste out • Need organ systems MOLECULAR MOVEMENT REVIEW Animal cells move material across the cell membrane by diffusion! nutrients _________________ from digestive system to sugar circulatory system from circulatory system to cells _________________ from respiratory system to circulatory system to cells CO2 _________________ _________________ urea from cells to excretory system CO2 to circulatory system to respiratory system urea O2 nutrients sugar O2 Excretion ____________________________________ ____________________________________ METABOLIC ACTIVITY respiration dehydration synthesis protein metabolism other metabolic processes HUMAN WASTES PRODUCED Nitrogen waste The kind of waste you make depends on where you live Land urea Freshwater ammonia What organs do what? 1) lungs: Egg layer uric acid 2) liver: 3) skin (sweat glands): _____ (98%), _____ and a small amount of _____ diffuse from the blood into the sweat glands—excreted by sweating! __________________________________ __________________________________ are responsible for the excretion of ________________________ (waste products of aerobic cellular respiration these are removed as gases during the process of ______________ site of amino acid breakdown _________________ (contains N) also recycles worn out red blood cells 4) kidneys: __________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________ nephrons kidney The Nephron = The Kidney’s Filter filtered out (all that is small) ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ nephron not filtered out ________ ________ reabsorbed _______________________ Pathway of Urine 1) kidneys: site of urine formation 2) ureter: urine flows from collecting tubes in kidney down the ureter to the kidney 3) urinary bladder: urine is temporarily stored in this muscular sac 4) urethra: tube where urine leaves the body ↓ to bladder Parts of the Human Locomotive System Human endoskeleton 1) bones: 206 in the human body arranged in an internal skeleton—an ___________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________ sites for muscles produces __________________________ ball & socket hinge 206 bones pivot Parts of the Human Locomotive System 2) cartilage: a flexible connective tissue __________________________________ ___________________ Parts of the Human Locomotive System 3) muscles: have the ability to ___________________ by sliding fibers over one another Parts of the Human Locomotive System A. skeletal muscle: is striped in appearance __________________________________ __________________________________ evolved first Parts of the Human Locomotive System A. skeletal muscle: is striped in appearance moves the bones of the skeletal system controlled by motor neurons _____________ bring bones together _____________ moves bones away Muscle limits Muscle fatigue lack of sugar lack of ATP low O2 lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with protein function nerve fatigue loss of chemical transmitter Muscle cramps build up of lactic acid lack of energy (ATP) ion imbalance massage or stretching increases circulation Diseases of Muscle Tissue Botox’s Effect on Muscles Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lou Gehrig’s disease motor neurons degenerate blocks release of nerve transmitter but botulism can be fatal! muscle Myasthenia gravis auto-immune antibodies to nerve transmitter chemical Stephen Hawking Parts of the Human Locomotive System B. smooth (visceral) muscle: not striped ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ C. cardiac muscle: has stripes controls the ______________ heartbeat— ___________________________________ Parts of the Human Locomotive System 4) tendons: connective tissue connecting _________ ___________________ when they become inflammed it is called _______________ 5) ligaments: tough elastic connective tissue that connects ______________ at movable joints when joints become inflammed, it is called ___________