Download Verb Form I: لﻌَﻓ C1aC2VC3

Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012 Verb Form I: ‫ َفعل‬ C1aC2VC3 The meaning of this form is for the most part unpredictable, but there are some phonological or semantic associations with some of the stem vowels. See below, and also Holes’ discussion (p. 101).1 Form I can be either transitive (with an object) or intransitive (without an object). .‫ ﺛم ﻗ أرﻫﺎ ﻷﺻدﻗﺎﺋﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺗب أﺣﻣد اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
1. Regular sound verb roots ‫الفعل الصحيح السالم‬ .‫ﺑﻘﻲ أﺣﻣد وﺣدﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻳت‬
َ ‫ و‬،‫ﺧرج ﻛ ّﻝ اﻷوﻻد‬
Examples: ‫َﻛﺗَب – َﺷ ِرب – َﻛ ُﺑر‬
Perfect‐Imperfect vowel correspondences ‫َف ُعل‬
‫َفعِل‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻝ‬
ُ  ‫ﻓَ ُﻌﻝ‬
(to get bigger/older) ‫ﻳﻛﺑر‬/‫ﻛﺑر‬
ِ
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻝ‬
َ  ‫ﻓَﻌﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺷرب‬/‫ﺷرب‬
(to get better) ‫ﻳﺣﺳن‬/‫ﺣﺳن‬
‫ﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬/‫ﻋﻣﻝ‬
‫َف َعل‬
‫ﻔﻌﻝ‬
َ ‫َﻳ‬

‫ﻓَ َﻌﻝ‬
(‫)أ‬
‫ﻳذﻫب‬/‫ذﻫب‬
(open) ‫ﻳﻔﺗﺢ‬/‫ﻓﺗﺢ‬
ِ ‫ ﻳ‬ ‫)ب( ﻓَﻌﻝ‬
‫ﻔﻌﻝ‬
َ
َ
(to return) ‫ﻳرﺟﻊ‬/‫رﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻌرف‬/‫ﻋرف‬
‫ﻔﻌﻝ‬
ُ ‫ َﻳ‬ ‫)ج( ﻓَ َﻌﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻛﺗب‬/‫ﻛﺗب‬
‫ﻳدرس‬/‫درس‬
Notes:  The imperfect ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻝ‬ form typically occurs with verb roots whose C
2 or C3 is a َ
guttural (i.e., a pharyngeal or glottal consonant).  The ‫ َفعُل‬  ‫ يفعُل‬type typically has an adjectival meaning. 1
This handout is based on Chapter 22 of Karin Ryding’s A reference grammar for Modern Standard Arabic, which is on reserve at the Davis Library. 1 Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012 2. Geminate verb roots ‫ض َّعف‬
َ ‫الفعل ال ُم‬: C2 = C3 (to pass by) ‫ﻳﻣ ّر‬/
ّ
ُ ‫ﻣر‬
ِ ‫ﻗ ّﻝ‬
(to decrease) ‫ﻳﻘ ّﻝ‬/
(to want) ‫ﻳوّد‬/
ّ
َ ‫ود‬
These verbs have two stems in the perfect. Do you remember what they are? 3. Hamzated verbs roots ‫الفعل ال َمھموز‬
‫ﻳﺄﻛﻝ‬/‫أﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺳﺄﻝ‬/‫ﺳﺄﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻘ أر‬/‫ﻗرأ‬
4. Assimilated verb roots ‫الفعل ال ِمثال‬ (C1 = a glide) (note the deletion of waaw)
(note the deletion of waaw)
(no deletion of waaw)
(no deletion of yaaʔ)
(to arrive) ‫ﻳﺻﻝ‬/‫وﺻﻝ‬
(to find) ‫ﻳﺟد‬/‫وﺟد‬
ِ ‫ﻳ‬/‫ﻊ‬
(to hurt) ‫وﺟﻊ‬
َ ‫َو ِﺟ‬
ِ
(to despair) ‫ﻳﻳ َﺄس‬/‫س‬
َ ‫َﻳﺄ‬
5. Hollow verb roots ‫جوف‬
َ َ‫ الفعل األ‬ (C2 = a glide) (to blame) ‫ﻳﻠوم‬/‫ﻻم‬
‫ﻳﻘوﻝ‬/‫ﻗﺎﻝ‬
(to sell) ‫ﻳﺑﻳﻊ‬/‫ﺑﺎع‬
‫ﻳﻌﻳش‬/‫ﻋﺎش‬
(to sleep) ‫ﻳﻧﺎم‬/‫ﻧﺎم‬
These verbs have two stems in the perfect. Do you remember what they are? 6. Defective verb roots ‫الفعل الناقِص‬ (C3 = a glide) [a:/u:]
(to invite) ‫ﻳدﻋو‬/‫دﻋﺎ‬
[a:/i:]
(to judge) ‫يقضي‬/‫قضى‬
[a:/a:]
(to strive) ‫ﻳﺳﻌﻰ‬/‫َﺳﻌﻰ‬
(to stay) ‫ﻳﺑﻘﻰ‬/‫ﻘﻲ‬
َ ‫َﺑ‬
[ya/a:]
[ya/i:]
2 (to stay) ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬/‫َوِﻟ َﻲ‬
Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012 7. Doubly weak or ‘mixed’ verb roots a. Hollow and hamzated: ‫يجيء‬/‫جاء‬ (to come) b. Hamzated and defective: ‫يرى‬/‫رأى‬ (to see) c. Assimilated and defective: ‫يعي‬/‫وعى‬ (to be aware/alert) d. Hollow and defective: ‫يروي‬/‫روى‬ (to narrate) The verbal noun ‫ المصدر‬ of Form I verbs
The verbal noun ‫ المصدر‬ of Form I verbs falls into many patterns, and is generally unpredictable. Participles There are two types of participles in Arabic: Active Participle ‫اسم الفاعِ ل‬ and Passive Participle ‫اسم ال َمفعول‬ A. The active participle ‫اسم الفاعل‬ Active participle ‫اسم الفاعل‬ from Form I takes the pattern ‫فاعِ ل‬ with some spelling and phonological adjustments. ‫ كاتِب‬ ‫كتب‬
ِ  ‫درس‬
‫دارس‬
1. Regular sound roots
‫ﻣﺎر‬
ّ  ّ‫مر‬
ِ  ‫أكل‬
‫آﻛﻝ‬
2. Geminate roots
3. Hamzated roots
‫ ﺳﺎﺋِﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻝ‬
ِ  ‫ﻗ أر‬
‫ﻗﺎرئ‬
ِ ‫ و‬ ‫وصل‬
‫اﺻﻝ‬
‫ و ِاﻟد‬ ‫وﻟد‬
4. Assimilated roots
‫ ﻗﺎﺋِﻝ‬ ‫قال‬
5. Hollow roots
‫ ﻋﺎﺋِش‬ ‫ﻋﺎش‬
‫ اﻟداﻋﻲ‬،‫ داﻋﻳﺔ‬،‫داع‬
ٍ  ‫دعا‬
6. Defective roots
ٍ
‫ اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺿﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻗﺎض‬
 ‫ﻗﺿﻰ‬
3 Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012 B. The passive participle ‫اسم المفعول‬ The passive participle ‫اسم المفعول‬ from Form I takes the pattern ‫ َمفعول‬ with some spelling and phonological adjustments. 1. Regular sound roots
2. Geminate roots
3. Hamzated roots
‫ َمكتوب‬ ‫كتب‬
‫ َﻣدروس‬ ‫درس‬
ّ
‫ َﻣﺧطوط‬ ‫خط‬
‫ َﻣﺄﻛوﻝ‬ ‫أكل‬
‫ َﻣﺳؤوﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻝ‬
4. Assimilated roots
‫ َﻣوﺻوﻝ‬ ‫وصل‬
‫ َﻣوﻟود‬ ‫وﻟد‬
‫ َﻣﻠوم‬ ‫الم‬
5. Hollow roots
‫ َﻣﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎع‬
‫دﻋو‬
ّ ‫ َﻣ‬ ‫دعا‬
‫ﻘﺿﻲ‬
ّ ‫ َﻣ‬ ‫ﻗﺿﻰ‬
6. Defective roots
4 ‫ َﻣﻘروء‬ ‫ﻗ أر‬