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Classes of Organic Compounds
Single-Bonded Functional Groups
Alcohols
Contains the –OH functional group
Three types:
a. Primary: -OH bonded to a C that is bonded to only one other C
b. Secondary: -OH bonded to a C that is bonded to 2 other C’s
c. Tertiary: -OH bonded to a C that is bonded to 3 other C’s
Naming:
1. Find the longest chain containing the C the –OH is bonded to.
2. Replace the “e” at the end of the parent alkane name with “ol” .
3. Add a position number for the alcohol before the root. Use di, tri or tetra for more than one
–OH group. Keep the “e” on the parent alkane for more than one -OH. (ex. hexanediol,
propanetriol).**The –OH group(s) should be given the lowest possible numbers.
4. Name and number branches as usual. Put it all together.
Ethers
Contains two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom
Naming:
1. Choose the longest alkyl group as the parent alkane. Give it an alkane name.
2. Treat the second alkyl group + oxygen atom as an alkoxy group attached to the parent
alkane. Name it by replacing –yl with –oxy. Give it a position number.
3. Put it together!
Amines
Contains the functional group –NH2, -NHR or –NRR’
**Note that “R” refers to any alkyl group. R’ simply means a second alkyl group.
Like alcohols, amines can be primary, secondary or tertiary, but the meaning is different
 Primary: One alkyl group, two H’s
 Secondary: Two alkyl groups, one H
 Tertiary: Three alkyl groups
Naming:
1. Identify the largest hydrocarbon attached to the nitrogen atom as the parent alkane.
2. Replace the –e at the end of the name with –amine. Include a position number if necessary.
3. Name the other alkyl groups attached to the N atom. Instead of position numbers, use the
letter N- to locate the group(s). If two of the same alkyl groups are attached, use N,N-. Use as
the prefix.
Double-Bonded Functional Groups
Aldehyes
Aldehydes contain a double-bonded oxygen on the last carbon of a carbon chain
Naming:
1. Name the parent alkane. Always give the carbon atom of the carbonyl group position 1.
2. Replace the –e at the end of the name with –al. No position number is required for the
carbonyl group – it is always 1.
3. Add prefixes as usual.
Ketones
Very similar to aldehydes, except the C=O group is within the carbon chain, not on the end.
Naming:
1. Name the parent alkane. The main chain must contain the C=O group.
2. If there is one ketone group, replace the –e of the ending with –one. If there is more than
one, use di, tri, tetra. Keep the “e” at the end of the parent alkane name for more than one
=O.
3. For carbon chains that contain more than 4 carbons, position numbers are required for the
carbonyl groups. Give the carbonyl groups the lowest possible positions.
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids have what is called a carboxyl group – which is a mix of a carbonyl (C=O)
and a hydroxyl (OH)
Naming:
1. Name the parent alkane.
2. Replace the –e at the end with –oic acid.
3. The carbon in the carboxyl group is always given position 1, so name other branches
accordingly.
Esters
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
Naming:
1. Identify the main chain of the ester, which contains the C=O group. Name it as the parent
acid.
2. Replace the –oic acid ending with –oate.
3. The second part is the alkyl group attached to the oxygen atom. Name as any other alkyl
group.
4. Put together. **Note: for esters, the names are written separately, not as one big word
Amides
Carboxylic acid + amine
Naming:
1. Locate the part of the amide containing the C=O. Name the parent carboxylic acid.
2. Replace –oic acid with –amide.
3. Name the alkyl groups attached to the N atom. Instead of position numbers, use the letter Nto locate the group(s). If two of the same alkyl groups are attached, use N,N-. Use as the
prefix.