Download nomenclature continued… - Turner Fenton Secondary School

NOMENCLATURE CONTINUED…
KETONES
Are like aldehydes except the carbonyl group (C=O) is located
somewhere in the middle of the chain (not at terminal end). Generally
written as RR`C=O. Ketones like aldehydes do not exhibit hydrogen
bonding. There are common names for ketones, for example, acetone.
Acetone is the key ingredient in nail polish remover.
Naming:
Use number to indicate position of carbonyl group and change the alkyl
ending to alkanone. Change ending to “one”
Examples:
CH3CH(CH3)COCH(CH3)CH3
CH3COCH2CH3
Draw the following: 1-phenyl-2-propanone
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Carboxylic acids are distinctly acidic. General formula is represented
as RCOOH. A carbon chain with a double bond to oxygen and a
hydroxyl group on terminal carbon. COOH group is always found on the
terminal carbon. Many common names for various substances: Formic
acid and acetic acid.
Naming:
To name drop “e” ending and add -OIC ACID.
Examples:
CH3CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2COOH
Benzenoic acid
AMINES
Amines smell fishy. They are derivatives of ammonia with alkyl(s)
group attached to the nitrogen atom. Once again there are primary,
secondary and tertiary amines depending of the number of alkyl groups
attached.
1 amine
2 amine
3 amine
R-NH2
R2-NH
R3-N
NAMING (similar to alcohols):
1. Find longest alkyl chain containing Nitrogen.
2. Replace alkane with amine. Include position of carbon attached
to nitrogen.
3. If there are 2 or more alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen then
use N as a prefix. Note: a nitrogen can have a maximum of three
alkyl groups attached therefore the name would be with the
prefix N, N, N. The alkyl group with the “yl” ending then follows
the N.
4. Then you put it all together.
If you understood all that let’s try some examples shall we!
CH3CH2-N(CH2CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2(NH)CH3
Ok lets try this…this question is only for the superstar chem. students.
2,4,N,N-tetramethyl-3-hexanamine.
Aniline
Yum…I smell pineapple…or is it banana…
ESTERS
Esters are used in food as flavouring agents and in perfumes for
scenting, etc. They are derivatives of carboxylic acid (R-COOH)
derivatives where the OH group is now OR. Therefore, it is R-COOR`.
Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol compound makes an ester.
An ester has two groups: the main part of the ester contains the –COO
(parent acid). The carbonyl group is always position number 1. And the
second part is the alkyl group.
Naming:
1. Identify main ester chain = parent chain.
2. Replace oic acid with OATE for parent acid.
3. Second part name as alkyl group, this is attached to the oxygen
group.
4. Name order: alkyl + alkanoate.
Examples:
CH3CH2-O-COCH3
Methyl 2-phenylethanoate
AMIDES
Amides are components of “Tylenol” and fertilizer. They are formed by
reacting a carboxylic acid with an amine group (ammonia or an amine).
Naming:
1. First name the chain that contains that carbonyl. Replace –oic
acid with an AMIDE. C=O group is number one on the chain.
(BASE)
2. Naming of the alkyl chain depends on whether the amine is
primary, secondary or tertiary. (PREFIX)
a. Primary amide: Stop and name.
b. Secondary amide (one R group attached): N-name of alkyl
group.
c. Tertiary amide (2 R groups): N-ethyl N-methyl if the groups
are identical then N, N-dimethyl
3. Put it all together N-alkyl + alkamide
Examples:
CH3CH2CO-NH-CH2CH3
N-ethylethanamide
This is it for nomenclature that you have to know…but there is one
more that you may come across later in life…and you can thank me
later.
NITRO GROUP
Nitro groups are found in explosive.
Naming:
1. Replace Hydrogen along a carbon chain with NO2.
2. The NO2 is called nitro and comes before the hydrocarbon name.
3. Indicate the carbon number that contains NO2.
4. Nitro + hydrocarbon.
Example:
CH3CH(NO2)CH3