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Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea ■Essential Question: –What role did geography play in the development of classical Greece? ■Answer the Questions after viewing the slides After the river valley era, a number of classical civilizations developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece Classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages Impact of Geography on Greece: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Greece Impact of Geography on Greece: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Greece Greece’s lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis, within each valley & its surrounding mountains Greek Culture ■Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: –Greeks shared the same language –Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities; Religion became the basis for Greek mythology Zeus King of the gods Athena Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite Goddess of love Apollo God of sun & music Ares God of war Hades God of underworld Hera Goddess of family Poseidon God of the seas Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god Differences Among Greek City-States Despite similar language & religion, the Greek polis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis had a monarchy, a gov’t ruled by a king Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov’t ruled by elite nobles Practiced in Corinth Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov’t ruled by a small group of citizens Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov’t ruled by citizens who vote on decisions The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis ■Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: –Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Artists created realistic sculptures Theater had both comedies & tragedies Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic to find answers to questions The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis ■ Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning –Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old –Boys began military training at age 7 –Women ran family estates while men trained or fought Spartans showed their strength during the Persian Wars Athens & Sparta competed for influence in Greece & developed a strong rivalry that eventually led to the Peloponnesian War Sparta defeated Athens, but the war weakened the Greeks Closure Activity ■Where would you rather live: Athens or Sparta? Why? ■Essential Question: –What was the impact of the spread of Hellenic culture under Alexander the Great? ■Closure Actvity: –What are the top 3 Greek innovations? Explain how our world is better because of these 3 achievements. Mountains divided the Greeks Ancient Greece into independent city-states, like Athens & Sparta Access to the sea increased trade & cultural diffusion (sharing ideas) with other cultures The Greek city-states, especially Athens, developed cultural innovations that are still used today which transformed Greece into a “classical civilization” Spartan High School Musical lyrics Greek wealth & innovation made it a target to outside invasion; From 493 B.C. to 479 B.C., Persian kings Darius & Xerxes tried (but failed) to conquer the Greeks in the Persian Wars The Peloponnesian Wars left the Greeks weak & open to invasion After the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states, led by rivals Athens & Sparta, fought each other in the Peloponnesian Wars In 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia attacked & conquered the Greeks, but he died soon after Macedonians viewed themselves as Greeks & shared much of their culture; King Philip II hired Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander King Alexander of Macedonia ■ Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king of Macedonia: –But he proved to be ambitious & a brilliant military strategist –Once in power, Alexander began to expand his empire Alexander began his conquest by crushing a Greek revolt in Thebes; He ordered the death of Thepeople Empire of Alexander 6,000 & sold everyone elsethe intoGreat slavery; His brutality convinced other Greeks to not rebel Alexander set his sights on the Persian Empire & began his attack by conquering Egypt; Egyptians viewed Alexander as a liberator In 331 B.C., Alexander attacked Alexander & defeated the mighty Persian destroyed the The led Empire Alexander theof Great army by King of Darius III capital Persepolis Alexander led his army to conquer India; After taking the Indus River Valley, Alexander’s troops begged him to return home after 11 years away from their homes while conquering the empire By 323 B.C., Alexander had conquered a massive empire & began to governthe & unify his The Empire ofplans Alexander Great kingdom, but he fell ill & died at the age of 32 Alexander left behind an important legacy: He spread Hellenic (Greek) innovations & culture throughout his empire In each territory he conquered, Alexander left behind a Greek-styled city named Alexandria Alexandria in Egypt was the most significant of these cities & best represented Hellenism (the spread & blending of Greek culture ) Alexandria became the center for Hellenistic culture & trade for the Mediterranean world Alexandria had a museum & library that preserved Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Indian cultures & attracted scholars for centuries Alexandria Egypt When Alexander died without an heir, his empire was divided among his top 3 generals Alexander's empire was the largest of the classical era, but it was short-lived (13 years) & was never unified or governed ■ Summary of Alexander the Great: –He was a military genius & well educated –His interest in Greek history & culture as well as Persian, Egyptian, & Indian ideas led to a vibrant new culture, Hellenism, that shaped future civilizations –But, his empire did not last long enough to compete with future empires, such as those ruled by Rome and the Mongols Closure Activity ■ Which emperor was “greater”: Darius of Persia —OR— Alexander of Macedonia? –Give 3 reasons to explain your answer Greek Creative Genius Graphic Organizer Created by Mr. Ryan Gleason Greek Periods