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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbon atoms are considered the building blocks of life because they : 1. Are the basis of most molecules in living things (Structure) 2. Carry out most processes that keep organisms alive (Function) . 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds. There are over 2 million known organic compounds 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Why is Carbon so special? • Carbon has four valence electrons. • It .can forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Structural formula • Molecular Formula 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures • straight chain • branched chain • ring 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Smaller individual molecule are called Monomers – Larger molecules made when monomers bond are called Polymers. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Dehydration Synthesis – is the reaction that causes monomers to jin together to make polymers. • Animation Dehydration synthesis means – making by removing water 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Dehydration Synthesis 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Hydrolysis – Break apart a polymer to the smaller monomers that joined to form it by adding water 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Molecules that contain CARBON atoms are called organic compounds. Four major groups of organic compounds in living things: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Where do we get these? 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrates molecules are made of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Uses in Living Things • 1. “Quick” Energy • 2. Builds body structures 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 1. Monosaccharide: one small single molecule • 1. Glucose – made in photosynthesis; blood sugar 2. Galactose – Component of milk sugar 3. Fructose - fruit sugar 4. Deoxyribose and Ribose – in nucleic acids glucose 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2. Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides joined together 1. Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose) 2. Lactose – milk sugar (glucose + galactose) glucose fructose 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3. Polysaccharides - many monosaccharides joined together 1. Starch – glucose storage in plants (bread, taters) 2. Glycogen – glucose storage in animals 3. Cellulose – forms plant cell walls 4. Chitin – forms insect exoskeletons and fungus cell walls glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrate molecules may have the same monomers but they are joined together differently . Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Chitin (C8H13O5N) n • Monomer 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules LIPIDS • Types of Atoms: C, H, O • Uses of Lipids in Living Things: 1. Source of usable energy 2. Provide warmth and insulation 3. Component of cell membranes 4. Makes hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids share only a few Common Features • 1. Nonpolar molecule • 2. Hydrophobic – Don’t dissolve in water • 3. No specific monomer found in all lipids. MANY DO contain fatty acid molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Categories of Fatty Acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Dangers of Saturated Fats 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • If the Fatty Acid molecules have : • –. Single –. bonds between C atoms – Saturated Fats • Double bonds between C atoms – Unsaturated Fats 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acidsbad 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – Polar phosphate “head” – Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins • Types of Atoms: C, H, O, Phosphorus, Sulfur • Enzymes 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. – Amino acids are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds Amine group Carboxyl group 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds which form between an amino group and carboxyl group. . 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. – Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • 1. Albumin – protein in egg white • 2. Amylase – breaks apart starch to glucose through hydrolysis. Enzyme found in your saliva • 3. Keratin – protein in hair, feathers and nails • 4. Hemoglobin – in red blood cells, oxygen attaches to it 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic Acids • Types of Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, • 1. DNA • 2. Ribonucleic Acid – RNA • 1. Stores hereditary information (DNA) • 2. Helps to make protein molecules (RNA) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules DNA • Nitrogen containing base • Adenine A - Thymine T • Guanine G – Cytosine C • RNA • Nitrogen containing bases • Adenine A – Uracil U • Guanine G - Cytosine C 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • 1000’s of nucleotides join together to make a nucleic acid. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate • . group, and a nitrogen base. – DNA stores genetic DNA information. – RNA builds proteins. RNA 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Bell Ringer • What special atom do all organic compounds contain? • What makes this atom special • What are the 4 major organic compound types in living things • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called? 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • What special atom do all organic compounds contain?CARBON • What makes this atom special • Has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 strong covalent bonds • What are the 4 major organic compound types in living things • Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? Polymers –biggies Monomers – little-ies • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called? • 2 Hydrogens 1 Oxygen Dehydration Synthesis 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules BellRinger Activity • Using either your memory, your notes or your homework to answer the following questions • What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide? • What is the molecular formula for glucose? • When two glucose molecules join they form maltose. The process of joining these two molecules is known as ______________ _______________. * What is the molecular formula for maltose? 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Bell Ringer • What are the major categories of lipids? • What molecule is found in many types of lipids? • What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? Which is better in your diet? • Give two important uses of lipids