Download Carbon in Life and Materials

Organic Compounds
Carbon in Life and
Materials
Organic Compounds:
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Contain carbonhydrogen bonds
Often contain N, S, P
Major types:
carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and nucleic acids.
Are not just living things
but can also be made in
a lab…example: sugar
www.organicsbydesign.com
www.hermann-uwe.de
Carbon forms many different
compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds:
Substances that do not
have carbon-hydrogen
bonds
Not normally found in
living things
Examples minerals,
metals, and salts
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Exceptions to the rule:
(all inorganic)
Large variety of compounds results from the
number of bonds that each carbon atom can
form
Carbon atoms always share four pairs of
electrons in four covalent bonds
Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond
Diamonds (C), graphite
(C), carbon dioxide (CO2)
www.ndt-ed.org
Carbon-based molecules can
have many structures
nafaa.pbwiki.com
Chains
Carbon atoms can
bond together to form
chains that are straight
or branched
Isomers
and 10 Hydrogens
Isomer: compounds
that contain the same
atoms, but in different
places
Both have 4 Carbons
Rings
Carbon rings contain
at least 5 carbon
atoms
Butane
Isobutane
cornellbiochem.wikispaces.com
www.green-planet-solar-energy.com
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Carbon-based molecules are
life’s building blocks
Life’s Carbon-based molecules
www.rbge.org.uk
Carbon-based
molecules have many
functions in living things
Similarities
All contain carbon
and hydrogen or
oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, phosphorus.
Large molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
mrscraigsbiology.blogspot.com
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate: contain carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen…examples: sugars, starches,
and cellulose.
Sugar: glucose C6H12O6
Cells in both plants and animals break down
glucose for energy
Starch: many glucose molecules
When starch is broken down many glucose
molecules are broken down and used for
energy
Cellulose: plant cell walls
Carbohydrate that is composed of glucose
Lipids
Proteins
Proteins: macromolecules (large) that are
made up of amino acids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, and other elements
Many different functions
Function based on order of amino acids
20 different amino acids make up the proteins in your
body
Function is based on structure
Lipid: fats and oils that are used for energy and as
structural materials in living things
Fat…saturated and unsaturated
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Structure different from carbohydrates
Animals store chemical energy in fat
Saturated: all the bonds in the lipid are single, most animal
fats…too much saturated fat could lead to heart disease
Unsaturated: one or more bonds in lipid are double
Cholesterol
lipid that is part of cell membranes
Makes hormones (chemical messengers in your body)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids: huge, complex carbon-based
molecules that contain information that cells
use to make proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus
Each cell in your body contains a complete set of
nucleic acids…so each cell has all of the
instructions it needs to make the proteins your
body needs
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DNA
Carbon-based molecules
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
…nucleic acid that
contains the genetic code
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Lipids
and
Include
starches
fats and
Energy for cells oils
Energy
Plant cell walls
for cells
Cell
membran
es
Sides of ladder made of
sugar and phosphate
Rungs (steps) are made
up of cytosine (C),
guanine (G), adenine (A),
Thymine (T).
C and G always pair
A and T always pair
Proteins
Nucleic
Acids
Function
DNA
depends on
order of
amino acids
Structure,
transport,
immune
system,
enzymes
Carries
genetic code
Sequence
of three DNA
bases is the
code for an
amino acid
eapbiofield.wikispaces.com
Carbon-based molecules
in many materials
Carbon Cycle
Hydrocarbon: a compound made of
hydrogen and carbon
Polymers
Found in large deposits (petroleum)
Very large carbon-based molecules made of
smaller repeating units (monomers)
Formation by chemical reactions that bond
monomers together
Plastics (polypropylene)…capable of being
molded or shaped…plastics can be recycled
eo.ucar.edu
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