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Transcript
Unit 12 Ecology Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/druclimb/56763994/in/photostream/ ECOLOGY - the study of interactions among organisms with each other and with environment BIOSPHERE - portion of planet where life exists LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Species - individuals that can breed with one another Population - all the individuals of the same species (ducks) in an area Community - all the populations that live together in an area Ecosystem - the community plus the physical factors in an area (rain, light, soil..) Examples: Rotting Log Koi Pond Lake Clump of Dirt A field An old maple tree Biome - large area that has a particular climate, and particular species of plants and animals that live there (tundra) Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life Quick Check 1. All the different populations in an area make up the a) biosphere b) ecosystem c) community 2. Ecology is the study of the _________________ of organisms with the environment. 3. The part of the earth that can support life is the _________. 4. All the living and non-living factors in an area make up the: a) population b) ecosystem c) community 5. A desert, rain forest, tundra and grassland are all different kinds of: a) biospheres b. biomes c) biotics Ecological Methods - how do we study ecology? Observing Experimenting Modeling Models are used to make predictions. 1. A group of animals that live in the same area and can interbreed is called a (n) _____________________ 2. The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment is known as ___________________________ 3. A large area that has a particular climate and distinct plants and animals is called a ____________________________ 4. All of the different populations living in an area (plants, rabbits, coyotes...) is called the _________________________ 5. An ecosystem includes all the living and ___________ factors in an area. 6. The portion of the planet that can sustain life is the ________ 7. Animals that can interbreed are called a(n) ____________ Energy Flow: Autotrophs (producers) - capture energy and convert to "food" Ex. Plants Heterotrophs (consumers) - must eat things Ex. Animals Types of Consumers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores / Decomposers *SUNLIGHT is the main source of energy* Photosynthesis - uses light energy to make "food" Chemosynthesis - makes food from chemicals (some bacteria do this) Some bacteria live in deep ocean vents, and make their food from chemicals in those vents FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS - shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem *Note the direction of the arrows, they indicate where the energy is going when one organism consumes another. Each step in a chain or web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL 3 2 1 Primary Productivity the rate at which organic matter is created by producers More plants = more productivity. Which of the following ecosystems has the greatest primary productivity? a) rain forest b) desert c) tundra Primary Consumers (1st) Secondary Consumers (2nd) Tertiary Consumers (3rd) * Find the Omnivore. Ecological Pyramids Energy Pyramid - shows how much energy is produced at each level. Pyramid of Numbers Biogeochemical Cycles (biology + geology + chemical) RECALL: Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter is neither created or destroyed. It is transformed, the same molecules are passed around. Water Cycle ground water - water reserves transpiration (from plants) evaporation (from bodies of water) precipitation (from clouds) The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen Quick Check 1. An organism that only eats plants is called a ______________________________ On a food web, this organism is also called a ____________________ consumer. 2. What human activities cause carbon to be released into the atmosphere? 3. An ecosystem can support a [ small number / large number ] of top predators. 4. In a pyramid of numbers, what type of organism makes up the base of the pyramid? [ producers / consumers / predators ] 5. When plants lose water from their leaves, it is called _______________________ 6. When it rains, it is called _______________________________________ 7. When liquid water turns into water vapor, it is called _______________________ 8. What element makes up the majority of the earth’s atmosphere? a) carbon dioxide b) nitrogen c) oxygen 9. On a food web, secondary consumers are eaten by _____________ consumers. 10. On a food web, arrows represent a) the flow of energy b) the passage of time Biomes Environments are grouped into BIOMES group of ecosystems that have same climate & dominant communities TROPICAL RAIN FOREST has most species, BIODIVERSITY canopy = top | understory = below canopy hot & wet year round; thin, poor soil TROPICAL DRY FOREST wet/dry seasons, warm year round trees are deciduous -lose leaves TROPICAL SAVANNA grassland area, with a few trees large animal herds & frequent fires Lions Zebra Wildebeest Gazelles Elephants Giraffes Battle at Kruger DESERT dry (less than 25 cm rainfall/year) extreme temperature changes (hot/cold) cacti/succulent plants organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions Desert Mammals Can you name these two? TEMPERATE GRASSLAND plains & prairies; Midwest very fertile soil 4 seasons - seasonal precipitation, less rain than temperate forest Animals of the grasslands Prairie Dogs Hawks / Eagles Snakes Sometimes deer Foxes / Coyotes Bison / Buffalo TEMPERATE WOODLAND & SHRUBLAND Chaparral= dominated by shrubs, frequent fires example:Los Angeles, CA TEMPERATE FOREST deciduous trees lose leaves rich in humus - decaying leaves 4 seasons - but more rain than grassland Trees: Maple, elm, oak, pine Animals: squirrel, songbirds, rabbits, owls NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST also called a temperate rainforest Mild temperatures Pacific NW coast of United States & Canada Many of the same animals found in temperate deciduous forests BOREAL FOREST (Taiga) Evergreen forests Bitterly long winters/ short, mild summers Moose, black bear, wolves TUNDRA permafrost = layer of permanently frozen subsoil Strong winds -no trees, small plants plants = mosses, lichens, grasses animals = arctic fox, caribou Other land areas include: Mountain ranges Polar ice caps (Arctic) Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks, B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes, turtles Estuary = area where freshwater meets sea Wetlands = water covers soil Marine Ecosystem A. Photic zone - area sunlight reaches B. Aphotic zone- permanently dark *Plankton - microscopic organisms found in water Sharks, whales, dolphins, fish, anemones, squid, sea gulls, pelicans, crabs, shrimp Match the description or organism to its biome. 1. Monkeys & bromeliads 2. Caribou 3. Penguins 4. Low amount of rainfall (less than 25 cm), extreme temperatures 5. Also called a prairie 6. Has aphotic and photic layer 7. Maples, oaks, and red buds 8. Wildfires in California 9. Permafrost 10. Lions, zebras, giraffes 11. Cactus and succulent plants 12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas 13. Canopy & Understory 14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles 15. Pine trees, moose and wolves Match the description or organism to its biome. 1. Monkeys & bromeliads - Tropical Rainforest 2. Caribou - Taiga (Coniferous Forest) 3. Penguins - Polar 4. Low amount of rainfall, extreme temperatures - Desert 5. Also called a prairie - Temperate Grassland 6. Has aphotic and photic layer - Ocean 7. Maples, oaks, and red buds - Temperate Deciduous Forest 8. Wildfires in California - Chaparral 9. Permafrost - Tundra 10. Lions, zebras, giraffes - Savanna 11. Cactus and succulent plants - Desert 12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas - Wetlands 13. Canopy & Understory - Tropical Rainforest 14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles - Freshwater (Lake, River) 15. Pine trees, moose and wolves - Taiga (coniferous) 1. Rainforests receive more [ light / rain / wind ] than other biomes. 2. Areas where the river meets the ocean: _________________ 3. Freshwater ecosystems are classified as a. salt or fresh b. flowing or standing c. deep or shallow d. tropical or temperate 4. Natural disturbances, such as fire, can result in [ succession / commensalism ] 5. Maple trees, oak trees and red buds are found in what biome? ___ 6. The prairie and the savanna are both types of ______ 7. When two organisms live in close association, it is called [ succession / symbiosis / competitive exclusion 8. Where is plankton found? ________________ 9. Temperate zones have [ extreme / mild ] temperatures. 10. The first species to enter a new ecosystem is called a [opportunist / pioneer / successor ] 11. Two microscopic organisms are placed in a container with a limited amount of resources. One species (X) lives in the bottom of the container near the soil and sand and feeds from the scraps that fall to the bottom. The other species (Y) spends its time swimming in the open water and feeds from the food at the surface. Each species therefore has a separate: a. habitat b. ecosystem c. community d. niche 12. In the container above, a third species is added (Z). This organism also lives in the soil at the bottom and feeds from the same things as Species X. After a period of time, scientists noted that species X had disappeared from the container. This illustrates: a. competitive exclusion b. symbiosis c. parasitism d. mutualism