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NEHRU ARTS ANS SCIENCE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY UNIT I : The Nature and Scope of Social Psychology. The Methods of Social Psychology. The Development of Social Psychology : Early Beginnings – the Contributions of Sociologists and Psychologists : Comte; Le Bon; Durkheim; Cooley; G h Mead; Mc Doughall; UNIT II : Specialization : Social Learning Process. Socialization and Motivation; dependency; Aggression; Need Achievement; affiliation; etc. Social Factors in perception. Society and Personality. UNIT III : Attitudes and Opinions The Nature and Dimensions of Attitudes. The Formation and Change of Attitudes. Communication and Persuasion. Public opinion – Nature, measurement, formation and change. Role of Mass communication in Public Opinion Formation and change. UNIT IV : Groups and group Processes; Nature and Types of groups; Conditions Conclusive to Development of Groups; group Dynamics; Group norms and conformity; Social Facilitation. Group structure and group performance; Cooperation and competition. UNIT V : Mass Psychology; Audiences and Collective Behaviour. Classification of Collective masses. Casual Audiences, Intentional Audiences and Audiences and Mass Media. Collective Behaviour – the mobs and the Different kinds of Mobs. The Psychology of Mass Movements. SUGGESTED READINGS Mc David and Harris ; “An Introduction to Social Psychology” . Harper & Row, 1968 D Crytchfold, RS and Ballachey, E L “Individual in Society”. McGraw Hill. New York Sherif, N and Sherif C.W. ”An Outline of Social Psychology” Harper & Row. New York SECTION-A 1.Father of psychology________.(Sigmund Freud) 2.Motivation can be regarded as the ______.(compulsion) 3.Questionnaire is a ______ form of interview.(written) 4.Emiley Durkheim defined as______ science.(social Institution) SECTION-B 1.Write about the nature and characteristics of sociology Characteristics and nature of sociology Sociology is an independent science. Sociology is a social science and not physical science. Sociology is a categorical science and not normative science or normative discipline. it is relatively an abstract science not a concrete science. Man is a social animal. How the individuals react in the social problems that is called social psychology. Sociology is a generalizing not a particularizing / individualizing one. It is a general science not special social science. Sociology is both rational and empirical science. Sociology as a branch of knowledge as its unique characteristics .sociology has emerged into an independent science. As an independent science, it has its own field of study , boundary and methods. Sociology belongs to the family of social science and not to the family of physical science.as a social science it concentrates,its on man,it is social behaviour, social acting and social life. It makes no recommendation on the matters of social policy and legislation/ any other programme.but it doesn’t meant the sociological knowledge is useless and serves.it only means that sociology as the discipline cannot be with good & bad,right & wrong , moral & immoral. Sociology confines itself to statements about what is , not what should be or to be .as a science , sociology is neccasarily silent about questions of value it doesn’t make any kind of value judgement. Sociology is the pure science and an applied science because the immediate aim of the sociology is acquisition of knowledge , about human society , not the utilization of that knowledge. Sociologist never determine questions of public policy and do not recommend. Should be passed / respected but the knowledge acquired by a sociologist is of great help to the administer, legislative, diplomat, the teachers etc. Sociology is relatively an abstract science and not a concrete science because it is more concerned with the forms of human events and their patterns.eg: sociology is not concerned with particular words and revolutions but with what a revolution in general,a social phenomena , as types of social conflicts. Sociology explain or tries to find out general law or principal about human interaction and association about the nature form, content and structure of human groups and society.it does not study each and every event that take place in the society .it tries to make generalization on the basis of study of some selected events.eg: a sociologist makes generalization about the nature of secondary groups. The area of sociology is general not specialized. It doesn’t investigate economic,religious,political,legel,moral or any other special kind of phenomena is relation to human life and activities as such.it only studies human activities in a general way. There are two broadways of approach to scientific knowledge .it is known as empiricism,is the approach that emphasis the entire experiment and facts ,the result from observation and experimentation.the other known as rationalism,stretches reason and the theory that results from logical inference.the emprises collects facts . the rationalist coordinates and arranges them.theories and facts required in the constructions of knowledge.in sociological enquiries , both are significant. 2.Write about the famous social psychologists. Social psychology Social psychology is concerned with interaction between individuals or between individuals and groups. It is a study of behavior of person in social situation. It is the study of the way in which an individual influences other individuals and the way in which himself is influenced by other individuals. Auguste combe: he is the father of sociology. He coined the term sociology in 1839. He defines sociology as the science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation. Emile durkheim: He defines sociology as the science of social institution. Park: He regards sociology as the science of collective behaviour. Marshel Jones: He defines sociology as the study of man-in-relationship – to-man. Max Weber: He defines sociology as the science which attempt the interpretative understanding of social actions in order , there by to arrive a casual explanation of course and its effects. Morris Ginberg: He defines psychology in the following ways,”In the broadest sense sociology is the study of human interaction and their relation , their condition and consequences. SECTION-C 1.What are the Nature of psychology: Nature of psychology: The nature of psychology is quite scientific. It may be inferred out of the definition of psychology (interims of the scientific study or science of behaviour) Every science subject can be characterized and distinguished on the very basis that it has beoth theoretical and applied aspects. Psychology is also known to be categorized in the similar way, that is, pure psychology and applied psychology and therefore it should be included in the category of science subject. Like science it believes in cause and effect relationship by emphasizing that every behaviour has its routes, factors of its causing and naturing. Psychology like science does not believe in mere hear-say. It uses scientific methods like observation and experimentation for the study of behaviour. What is established and discovered in the science is always open to verification and alletration. The same is true for psychology. Here we can bring changes in the facts and principals of psychology. In the light of the new experiments and research. Like science , the establishes facts, laws and principals of psychology enjoyed universal applicability The nature of psychology is scientific and non-philosophical or mysterious as was supposed to be in the early days. Psychology is a positive science. In its true sense, it can be categorised as a developing positive science rather than a developed one or we can define it as a developing science of behaviour. 4.What are the methods of study in the social psychology Methods of study used in social psychology Social psychology collects its facts by observation and experiment. Considerable attention is being given to the collection data, by conducting surveys as well as by conducting experiments using design of experiments. Further attempt or being made to measure the various aspects of social behaviour and to use statistical methods in the analysis of the data collected. Observation: Observation of individuals in their interaction with each other suggest hypothesis. Observation also yields data. Interviews:Interview is a face-to-face (Inter personal relationship) meeting in which the opinions, beliefs etc. may be collected. The primary object of the interview is to uptime verbal expressions from the person In reply to some well-framed questions Questionnaire:Questionnaire is a written form of interview. The questions can be framed in advance and in return, an information can be obtained a group of persons at the same time. Thus, the questionnaire is less time consuming than the interview. The defects of this method is that further probing into the response is not possible. Survey:Survey involves the construction of questionnaire which are administered by interviews to representative sample of the public.(eg; market research, opinion talks, readership surveys etc.). The important aspect od the survey, research technique or sampling, version design and interviewing technique. There are two principal methods of getting sample responants: a. The probability method b. The quota sampling Probability method: All geographical units in the population or put on punch thoughts and a sample of such communities or drawn at random, mechanically; all the households in each area of the cities, for eg:- or listed; just a few of these households are selected at random for interview since the selection of the household is at random and unbiased, this procedure guarantees that each household in the population will have an equal chance of being included in the sample. This method is very good; but it involves considerable works statistical show that sampling techniques give as much information, probably with greater exactitude, than the complete numeration technique. Quota Sampling: This is the second method of sampling frequently used neighbourhoods or choosen at random, but the selection of the household in each area is left to the discretion of the interviewer himself. But he is given a pre-as-signed proportion of males and females, old and young, rich and poor, educated and illiterate and so on. This method is cheaper and quicker than the probability method. Measurement: While observation depends on seeing and recording and survey techniques depend on interviewing and recording measurement those a step for the assign numbers to the events in accordance with certain rules. Measurement implies the mapping of observation into no system; when this is done, the resulting values can be added, multiplied and so on. Experimental method: An experiment is observation under controlled conditions. The exence of ab experiment is that it can be repeated at will and that enables the observation being made under varying conditions. In an experiment the investigator arranges the situation in way that the certain factors or kept constant and certain others or varied every situation is made of a number of conditions which are called variables. Motivation :Motivation may be regarded as something which prones, compels and energies an individual to act are behave in a particular fashion at a particular time for attaining some specific goal or purpose. Needs :Needs are general wants or desires. Every human being has to strive for the satisfaction of his basic needs if he is maintain actualize or enhance himself in this world. Nothing can be said about the number of the individual needs. The two categories of human needs are biological and sociological needs. Drives :A need gives rise to drive which may be defined as a reaction, tendancy or a state of heightened tension that set up activities in an individual and sustains them for increasing his general activity to a goal that make bring about the satisfaction of need. Incentives :Drives are also influenced and guided by incentives. Praise, appreciation, rewards, bonus, fulfillment of one’s need and getting the desired objectives are some of the example of incentives. Motives Motive is an innerstate of mind or aroused feeling. It is generated through based needs or drives. A change in goal may bring changes in the nature and strength of motive. Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension aroused by a specific motive what we were used to understand by the word “Drive” has now being replaced by a morce-force-full term “motive”. It is defined as an energetic force or tendancy (learned or innate) working within the individuals to compel, persuade or inspire him to act for the satisfaction of his basic needs or attainment of some specific purposes. Aggression :- 1. A behaviour that imposed to physical or psychological harm on others. 2. Linked with a innact independent instinctual tendency in human being which expresses itself indistructive and violent activities 3. Caused as a result of frustration 4. Banburg suggest frustration generate aggression only in those people who already have developed aggression attitudes and actions. There after, frustration is not always a cause for aggression. 5. Aggressive behaviour is the product of earlier experience social learning one may be aggressive because he/she has been brought up in the environment were he\she frequently observer his\her parents. Teachers, peers showing aggression 6. Violence or aggression shown on TV screen described in the pages of the magazines and novels may provoke an individual to word aggression. This provoking is re-inforced may lead him to adopt aggression as a mode of his day to day behaviour. 2.What are the forms and contents of groups The form and content of groups :- Over the years making different classification, classificatory scheme of groups have been proposed. A Common procedure has been to define types of group on the basis of few selected properties. Among the proper needs, most often employed are; number of members, amount of physical interaction among members, degree of intimacy etc. Primary and secondary groups :- Charles Harton Colley(1909) introduced the primary group concept. By primary groups, cooley meant those which are composed of individuals having intimate personal relations, who interact face to face, figuratively and not literally. It is the degree of intimacy, or social distance rather than physical distance that determines primary group. The secondary group, by contrast, are all those that are not primary and are frequently amorphous or unformed. Emotional affinity is not high, interaction is less and are devoid of personal involvement. In-group and out-group An in-group is simply the positive group. An out group is the they-group. An in-group may include everyone in our family, in our town, in our college. And those who are not members of our family, our town, our college are outsiders and are considered by us members of out-group. In groups and out groups are not actual groups except in so far people imagining them in their views are pronounce ‘we’ and ‘they’. In one context, the in-group may mean only the inhabitants of our house, in anothere the inhabitants of our country. In-group tends to stereo out groups, and any red imaginery or real, from an outgroup tends to intensity the cohesion and solidarity of an in group. Socialisation and development of itself The heart of the process of socialization is the emergence and gradual development of the self or “igo”. It is in terms of the self that personality takes shape and mind comes for xn. Everyone who is alive,in any society has a consciousness of self.when a child is born,it has no consciousness of self or of others.He doesn’t posses those behavior mechanisms which make an individual a part and number of any group.The child Learns about the relationship and through the process of socialization. Types of socialization Ian Robertson in his book “sociology”(1977)has mentioned 4 types of socialization they are: (1) (2) (3) (4) Primary socialization Antireptory socialization Development solzn Resocializth Primary Socialisation :- This is the most essential and basic type of socialization which occurs in the early of life of the newborn individual. It concentrates in the teaching of language and cognitine skills the internilisation of cultural and value, establishement of emotionalises and the appreciation of others role and perpeclecues. Interlisation of norms is the most important aspect of primary socialization. Which refers to the process in which the norms of society and become a part of the personality of the individual. By trial and error, by direct and indirect observation and experience. A child gradually learns the norms realities to right and wrong behavior. The socializing agents reinforce the child’s learning be rewards and punishments. Antireptory socialization :- Men must learn to the culture of the group of which they are immediate to members may also learn the culture of the group to which they do not belong. Such a process where by men socialize themselves into the culture of a group with the anticipation of joiningthat group, is reffered to by sociologists like Maxfon as “Antireptory socialization a person who intends to join the army strict doing physical exercise to toughen his body and learning the manners of army personnel to become one with them late. Socialisation is not a process that takes place nearly in early childhood,ie; It occurs at different times and places throughout life. “ Developmental Socialisation :- This kind of learning is bared and achievements of primary socialization. “It builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adults progress through new situations such as marriage or new jobs. These requires new expectations, obligations and rules. New learning is added to and blinded with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development.” –Jay Robertson Re-Socialisation :- Individuals change roles with groups and membership group in some instances. ‘Resocialisation’. The stripping and lay of the learned patterns and substitution of new ones for them must occur. Such resocialisation occurs mostly when a social role in radially changed it may also happen. In periods of rapid social mobility, eg; Newly wedded housewife may be forced to become a prostitute in a brothel. In this instance, the social role of the individual got changed radially. Conditions of learning Socialism, as a kind of learning contributes to one’s ability to perform social roles. It is desirable and desired learning. H.M Johnson mention 3 such conditions. 1. Discrimination 2. Reward and punishment 3. Control of the effects of frustration Discrimination:- The person to be socialized must be enabled to distinguish between the new objects and the behaviour patterns which are already known to him. The socializing agent must provide some ‘clues’ or ‘hints’, which help the learner to learn new things. If the learner has to react appropriately, he must know what he is acting to. Hence, it is necessary to define the situation correctly, for often the same manner of behaving is appropriate in some situations, but is appropriate to others. Reward and Punishment :- Another condition that favour successful learning is the regard to ‘reward aand punishment’. The socializing agent must give reward for the child for ‘correct’ performance, and either with hold ‘reward and punishment’ for ‘incorrect’ performances. As Johnson has stated, the effectiveness of reinforcement of desired behavior patterns increases under certain conditions, ie; 1. When the correct behavior is rewarded very often 2. When such behaviour is more constitently rewarded 3. When there is greater difference between the satisfaction coming from the correct behavior and the dissatisfaction resulting from the incorrect behaviuor in the same situation. 4. When the reward comes soon after the correct behavior. Various studies have revealed that both ‘reward and punishment’ are effective in training. Control the effects of frustration:- The feeling of frustration is an unpleasant response. Frustration is likely to be relatively severe during the early years for 2 years. 1. The young child can’t understand the ‘reasons’ as why others are frustrating him. 2. The child is yet to know clearly his own feelings and to cope with them. Due to the feelings of aggression, indignation and aviety, a child is not able to give attention to the ‘task’ of learning. He may even fail to make necessary discrimination and even refuse to cooperate. Hence it is necessary for the socializing agent to do something to counteract the effects of frustration. But the amount of frustration the child must undergo in socialization varies considerably from one society to another. It all depends upon the practice of society and its value system. 3.Describe attitude ATTITUDE Definition:“mental & neural state of readiness,organised through experience,exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individuals response to all objects & situations with which it is related. * In short attitude is a set torespond in a particular way. * Attitude includes a congnitive component,a feeling component & an action tendency for eg:- the upper caste man has an unfavourable attitude towards a Harijan. these attitudes involves some knowledge about the other groups (cognitive component)’some feelings of dislike (the affective,evaluational,emotional component)’& a predisposition to avoid,attack etc (the action.component). *Primarily attitudes are derived from social influences & primary social unit-family.that’s why, later,attitude cannot be changed. FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDES * Helps to organise, simplicity & understand the world around them. *Protects self-esteem,by avoiding unpleasant truths about themselves *Allows to express their fundamental values * Helps to conform to the group & thus maximise rewards from the group. DIMENSIONS OF ATTITUDE a) Positive vs negative affect & b) seeking vs avoiding contact. positive affect (Going toward) avoid contact seek contact (going away ) (going against) negative affect * +ve attitude make a person sacrifice himself to the loved object. eg:-Patriotism. * -ve attitude make a man to destory. eg Govt.Bus, Postoffice etc. are being destroyed. * Seeking contact towards +ve (embracing the beloved) -ve (stbbing a person). * Avoiding contact towards –ve affect - Going away * Avoiding contact towards +ve affect is rare.eg: we like a person but hesistate to go near them & talk. Attitude formation: forms through family members ,peer groups,personal experience from early childhood & later. * attitude formation begins primarily as a learning process during childhood & adolscence.at that time the individual is passive *once the attitude is formed , the individual becomes active,& begins to process new information in terms of what he already learnt. *he will reject inconsistent information and accept informations only consistent with his attitude *thus well established attitudes are extremely resistant to change,but others may be more amenable to change . Attitude change: * new information from people or through mass media *direct experience *legislation Attitude measurement: *self report measures(self measurement) *observation of overt behaviour(eg: sales figures) *interpretation of partially structured stimuli(measuring others attitude)eg: showing a photo / scene & ask to describes.