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Chapter 13 Introduction to Ecology Review 1.Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. 2.__Organism___ is an individual living thing. Ex. One Turkey 3._Population_ is a group of the same species that lives in one area. Ex. Several Turkeys 4.__Community____ is a group of different species that live together in one area. Ex. Turkeys, Grasses, Oak Trees, Deer, Fox 5.___Ecosystem___ includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, etc…. Ex. Forest 6.__Biome___ is a major regional or global community of organisms. Ex. Southeastern Forest 7.Ecological Research Methods include: __Observation__, __Experimentation_, and __Modeling____. 8.__Biotic_ factors are living things. Ex. Plants and Animals 9.__Abiotic__ factors are nonliving things. Ex. Wind, Sunlight, Soil, Temperature, Rainfall 10. ___Biodiversity__ is the assortment or variety of living things in an ecosystem. Ex. Rainforests have the greatest biodiversity 11. __Keystone___ Species: species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem. Ex. Polar Bear in the Arctic 12. ___Producers____ or Autotrophs get their energy from the sun’s energy or chemical energy to make their own food. Ex. Plants and Deep Sea Prokaryotes 13. __Consumers____ or Heterotrophs are organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources Ex. Cow, Wolf, Mushroom 14. ___Food______ chain links species by their feeding relationships. Ex. Grass→Zebra→Lion 15. __Herbivores__ eat only plants. 16. __Carnivores___ eat only animals. 17. ____Omnivores___ eat both plants and animals. 18. __Decomposers_ eat or break down organic matter 19. __Specialists__ are consumers that primarily eat one specific organism Ex. Panda eats only Bamboo 20. _Generalists_ are consumers that have a broad and varying diet. Ex. Possum 21. ____Producers__ use the sun’s energy. 22. __Primary_____ consumers are herbivores. 23. __Secondary_____ consumers are small carnivores that eat herbivores. 24. ___Tertiary___ consumers are the top carnivore. 25. __Food Web___ shows a complex network of feeding relationships. 26. ___Hydrologic Cycle___ or water cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organism’s bodies are made mostly of __Water__. 27. _____Oxygen___ Cycle: cycles oxygen through the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. 28. __Carbon__ is the building block of life. __Carbon___ Cycle moves from burning fossil fuels. 29. __Nitrogen___ Cycle takes place underground in Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria that live on some plants. Ex. Green Leafy Plants and Beans 30. ___Phosphorus____ Cycle takes place at and below ground level with the release of Phosphate from weathering rocks. 31. Trophic ___Pyramid__ compares energy used by producers and other organisms. 32. 90% of __Energy____ is lost as heat between each level of an energy pyramid. 33. ____Biomass___ Pyramid shows the dry mass of organisms. 34. _Pyramid of Numbers___ shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.