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Transcript
Lecture 3 Part 2 Main mechanisms for drug action NT _______________ Can reduce or enhance the amount of NT produced Either reduces or enhances the action of that NT, respectively If it interferes early enough, it could effect multiple NTs (ie dopamine turns into norepinephrine and epinephrine) NT _______________ Can reduce the amount of NT stored Causes less NT to be available for release NT _______________ Can promote or prevent NT release Agonists promote Antagonists prevent Different Effects of Drugs _______________Effects Mimic the action of NTs Agonists: act just as the NT would, activating the receptors Antagonists: bind to the receptor without activating it, but blocking the NT from binding (like gum in a key hole) _______________Effects Reuptake inhibitors Attack the enzymes responsible for the deterioration of NTs in the synaptic cleft Physiological responses to drugs The body likes things to remain _______________ Will change and adapt to keep things as constant as possible TOLERANCE Must take _______________of the substance to achieve the same effect “One dose of meth on the first day of use will trigger euphoria and energize the user to a level that can only be matched by 20 doses on the 100th day of use” Tolerance Some tolerance develops with _______________drug use Large amounts of the drug cause tolerance to develop faster Tolerance will return to _______________if drug use stops Reestablishes more quickly if use picks up again though Types of Tolerance ______________________________Tolerance Body tries to break the drug down more quickly Increases metabolism Pharmacodynamic Tolerance Nerve cells change connections and receptors that decrease sensitivity ______________________________Tolerance Trying to compensate for drunken feelings and behaviors More types of tolerance _______________Tolerance User becomes more sensitive to the drug The drug may destroy tissue User becomes older and is more sensitive An alcoholic with no liver Needs very little alcohol to remain drunk _______________Tolerance Adapting to the drug instantly Some people survive huge amounts of a drug- well beyond the normal lethal dose this way Three more types of tolerance _______________Tolerance Tolerance to the mental or physical effects of the drug, but not to both Sleeping pills cause sleep (physical) and euphoria (mental) Tolerance develops for the mental effects but not the physical _______________Tolerance Much faster form of reverse tolerance Cross-tolerance Tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to another to develop Heroin addicts are tolerant to morphine Tissue Dependence Biology of user changes Depends on the _______________to stay functional Livers of alcoholics have way more mitochondria (to metabolize all of the extra alcohol) If none comes, major withdrawal can occur Cross-dependence can occur too Dependence to one drug = dependence to another Other major terms Psychological ______________________________ The altered state that drugs cause is pleasurable to the user Withdrawal Once tolerance develops, the body tries to rebalance everything _______________: physical signs of withdrawal are obvious _______________: no obvious physical signs May be based on expectations Maybe be used to get more drugs an sympathy from doctors or family Protracted Withdrawal ______________________________ induced by environmental cues Tolerance develops to the drug and the situation/social aspects of using After dinner, many ex-smokers crave cigarettes and experience increased withdrawal symptoms years after they have quit Theories of Addiction In the past Addiction was viewed as a ______________________________ Currently Many factors seem to play a role _______________ Environmental Addictive disease model “_______________model” Addiction due to _______________irregularities Abnormal brain chemistry Abnormal brain anatomy Certain drugs enhance these problems Most experts believe the genetic influence is 40-60% Behavioral/environmental model Environmental factors change _______________chemistry PTSD may lead users to seek out drugs Chronic _______________may play a role too Academic model The body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the chemical level Explains ideas like: _______________ Dependence _______________ Diathesis-stress theory of Addiction Two components: A _____________________________ (typically biological) to develop addiction An environmental stressor to trigger the addiction User must have _______________to be an addict What do we know about genetic influences? Definite signs of genetic influences on addiction _______________studies Alcoholic parents 34% _______________likely to have alcoholic children than non-alcoholic parents Compulsivity gene: _______________deficiency syndrome Book lists many more genes linked to various drug addictions Experiences change brain connections and development _______________ Experience with drugs Changes linked to increase in cravings and addictive behaviors Mice studies of addiction Alcohol _______________mice vs. alcohol _______________mice