Download Organic Naming Notes

Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based
compounds
- This field of chemistry is very important
because all living things and many
non-living material are organic
1-meth, 2-eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct,
9-non, 10-dec
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that only
contain carbon and hydrogen
Alkanes: the most simple organic sturctures.
- All alkanes consist of a straight chain of
hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds
- Alkanes are named
by how many
carbon atoms they
contain.
- All alkanes end in -ane
- pg. 695
Branched-Chain Alkanes: an alkane chain with one
or more alkyl groups attached
- Called saturated compounds because they
contain the maximum number of hydrogens
Naming
1. Find the longest chain. This is the parent alkane.
- In this example there is a chain with 9 (nonane)
2. Number the chain starting with one that will give
the attached groups (substituent group) the
lowest number.
3. Add numbers of the parent chain carbon bonded
to the names of the substituent group
4. If a substituent group repeats itself use a prefix in
front of the groups name. (ie. di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-)
5. List the names of the substituent groups in
alphabetical order ignoring any prefixes
6. Punctuate the name using commas to seperate
numbers and hyphens to separate numbers and
words
Try these examples.
Alkenes: hydrocarbons containing double covalent
bonds
- Called unsaturated compounds because they
do not have the maximum number of
hydrogen possible.
Naming:
1. Find the longest carbon chain that contains a double
bond. This is the parent chain.
2. Number the carbons so that the double bond gets
the lowest number possible.
3. The substituents on the chain are named the same
way as the alkanes.
Try this examples.
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing triple covalent
bonds
- Called unsaturated compounds because they
do not have the maximum number of
hydrogen possible.
Naming:
1. Find the longest carbon chain that contains a triple
bond. This is the parent chain.
2. Number the carbons so that the triple bond gets
the lowest number possible.
3. The substituents on the chain are named the same
way as the alkanes.
Isomers: molecules that are made of the same
atoms in the same amounts but have different
structures.
Structural Isomers: molecules that have the same
molecular formula but different molecular
structures.
Geometric Isomers: molecules that contain the
same elements in the same amounts but
their substituents can be drawn in
different geometric arrangements.
Trans Configuration: the substituent groups are on
opposite sides of the double bond
trans-2-Pentene
Cis Configuration: the substituent groups are on
the same side of the double bond
cis-2-Pentene
Benzene: a six carbon ring with one hydrogen
attached to each carbon.
Naming:
Name these molecules in the same way.
Benzene will be the parent and all attached to it
Is the substituent.
Phenol: when benzene becomes a substutuent
group it is called phenol
Benzene is a substituent group when there is
a functional group attached to the benzene
ring.
Functional Groups: a specific arrangement of atoms
in an organic compound that is capable
of characteristic chemical reactions.
Halocarbons: a class of organic compounds
containing a halogen atom.
Naminig:
1. name parent group
2. list the halogen as an alkyl group before
the parent name
Try these.
Alcohols: organic compounds with a hydroxide group
attached.
Naming:
1. name the parent chain the same way that
have been.
2. number the location of the –OH group in
front of the parent group.
3. at the end of parent name add the suffix
-ol.
4. if there are more than one alcohol groups
put a prefix in front of the -ol
Try these.
Ether: compounds in which oxygen is bonding to
two carbon groups.
Naming:
1. Name the carbon chains coming off
the oxygen as alkyl groups.
2. End the name in ether.
3. Put a the prefix di on the name of the
carbon chain if they repeat themselves
Try these
Aldehydes: organic compounds that consists of
a carbon atom and an oxygen atom
are double bound and that carbon atom
is also bound to a hydrogen atom
Naming:
1. Identify the longest chain that contains
aldehyde group.
2. Take off the e at the end of the name
of the parent chain and add -al
Ketones: organic compounds that consists of
a carbon atom in a carbon chain that
an oxygen atom is double bound
Naming:
1. Identify the longest chain that contains
ketone group.
2. Take off the e at the end of the name
of the parent chain and add -one
Carboxylic Acid: compounds with a functional
group that consists of a carbon
double bonded to an oxygen and
singly bound to a hydroxide.
Naming:
1. Identify the longest chain that contains
the carboxylic group.
2. Take off the –e on the parent name and
add –oic acid
Ester: compounds with a functional
group that consists of a carbon
double bonded to an oxygen and
singly bound to another oxygen that
is bound to a carbon chain.
Don’t worry about naming these
Amine: compounds with a functional group that
consists of a functional group NH2
bonded to a carbon chain.
Naming:
1. Identify the longest chain that
contains the anime group.
2. Name the parent chain and identify the
amine group by stating the carbon
number it is bonded to and writing amino
as a prefix
Amino Acids: a functional group that contains an
amine group and a carboxylic acid group
in the same carbon chain
Naming:
1. Identify the longest chain that
contains both functional groups.
2. Name the parent chain and identify the
amine group by stating the carbon
number it is bonded to and writing amino
as a prefix
3. End the name with –oic acid