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Exam 1, Version B, ESRM 100 Environmental Science, Spring 2016 page 1 of 4 Fill in the BEST answer for each question on your SCANTRON. 1) Please answer correctly, as it will be graded. The subject of this course is _______. A) Horticulture and Landscaping B) Environmental Science C) Advanced Biometrics D) Astrobiology 2) What is the trophic level sequence from bottom to top? A) Producers --> Primary consumers --> Secondary consumers --> Tertiary consumers B) Primary consumers --> Secondary consumers --> Tertiary consumers --> Producers C) Tertiary consumers --> Secondary consumers --> Primary consumers --> Producers D) Secondary consumers --> Primary consumers -> Producers --> Tertiary consumers 3) At present, Earth’s human population is A) stable B) declining C) increasing exponentially D) increasing at a constant rate 4) The phenomenon in which the algae inside the corals die is A) called coral bleaching B) no longer occurring C) not causing any negative ecosystem effects D) due to increasing ocean pH and abnormally low water temperatures 5) If women delay childbearing, A) the growth rate will increase B) the growth rate will decrease C) the growth rate will stay the same D) the immigration rate will increase 6) Elements that gain or lose electrons to form compounds create A) covalent bonds B) molecular bonds C) isotopes D) ionic bonds 7) Organisms that eat dead or decaying matter are called A) primary consumers B) scavengers C) heterotrophs D) autotrophs 8) A negative feedback loop is A) when feedback into the system increases the rate of progress B) seen in the example of increased greenhouse gases leading to global warming C) when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state D) seen in the example of world population growth 9) Which type of population distribution can enhance protection from predators? A) Random distribution B) Sparse distribution C) Predator distribution D) Clumped distribution 10) A null hypothesis is used as a statement that an experiment must disprove. A scientist wishes to test whether fish species A prefers cold water over warm water. Which of the following is the best null hypothesis for the experiment? A) Fish A prefers cold water over warm water B) Fish A enjoys both cold and warm water C) Fish A has no water temperature preference D) Fish A has no preference for cold water over warm water Exam 1, Version B, ESRM 100 Environmental Science, Spring 2016 page 2 of 4 11) Which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes? A) Species with a large population size B) Niche specialists C) Species with rapid reproductive rates D) Species with high genetic variation 16) The change in genetic composition of a population over time is called: A) evolution B) phenotype C) genotype D) mutation 12) Nitrogen fixation is a process A) performed by many different organisms B) by which organisms convert nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas C) by which organisms convert nitrogen gas into ammonia D) by which organisms convert nitrogen into a form that most producers cannot use 17) Historically, ____ has/have kept the world population out of food deficit. A) slow population growth B) food surplus C) innovations in agricultural practices D) government assistance 13) What is a positive effect of upwelling? A) It creates an area of high precipitation B) It creates an area of high nutrients in the center of the ocean basin C) It creates an area of low precipitation D) It creates an area of high nutrient levels along the coast 14) Solar radiation enters the Earth system, and energy leaves it in the form of heat and reflected light. Therefore, with respect to energy, Earth is: A) An input system B) An output system C) An open system D) A closed system 15) If an energy source is 35 percent efficient, what happens to the other 65 percent of the energy? A) It is converted to another form of useable energy B) It is converted to solar energy C) It is converted to electromagnetic radiation D) It is lost as waste heat 18) Deforestation can result in A) increased carbon sequestration B) the rapid flow of water down mountains, leading to increased erosion and flooding C) increased soil stability and biodiversity D) the rapid release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 19) When individuals are found to be distributed evenly throughout an ecosystem it is often because A) resources are not limiting B) they are interbreeding C) they mate for life D) they are territorial 20) Atmospheric convection currents are caused by A) the tendency of cool air to rise and condense into clouds B) the unequal heating of Earth by the Sun, and the tendency of warm air to rise C) the albedo effect D) the currents of the oceans Exam 1, Version B, ESRM 100 Environmental Science, Spring 2016 page 3 of 4 21) The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that A) potential energy is measured in calories, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules B) potential energy is measured in watts, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules C) potential energy has not yet been released D) kinetic energy cannot be captured at a dam 22) The limit to how many individuals the food supply can sustain is called the A) carrying capacity of the environment B) limiting factor C) density factor D) environmental density model 23) Which of the following countries has the highest ecological footprint per capita? A) China B) United States C) India D) Mexico 24) Which of the following correctly lists substances from highest to lowest pH? A) stomach fluid --> rainwater --> household bleach B) household bleach --> seawater --> rainwater --> stomach fluid C) cola beverage --> stomach fluid --> seawater --> sodium hydroxide D) sodium hydroxide --> rainwater --> pure water 25) The poorest ____ % of the world’s people consume no more than ____ % of the world’s energy, paper, fish, and meat. A) 20; 20 B) 20; 5 C) 5; 20 D) 5; 5 26) Matter is A) anything that has volume and mass B) anything that has energy C) anything that doesn’t have mass D) anything that doesn’t have volume 27) A close interaction between two different species, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected, is called A) predation B) mimicry C) parasitism D) commensalism 28) A species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is A) the most abundant species in the community B) a keystone species C) the largest species D) a predator 29) ____ % of the world’s most developed population consumes ____ % of the world’s energy. A) 2; 95 B) 10; 10 C) 20; 58 D) 1; 70 30) A hypothesis must be A) a random guess B) an absolute C) testable D) easily provable 31) Which element is the most abundant in the atmosphere? A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen C) Hydrogen D) Sulfur Exam 1, Version B, ESRM 100 Environmental Science, Spring 2016 page 4 of 4 32) The levels of complexity include, from least to greatest: A) individual --> community --> population --> ecosystem --> biosphere B) individual --> population --> community --> ecosystem --> biosphere C) individual --> population --> community --> biosphere --> ecosystem D) individual --> population --> ecosystem --> community --> biosphere 33) Evidence of biodiversity is seen most directly in the A) behavior of animals in a region B) interactions of predators in a region C) success of one species in a region D) number of species in a region 34) Other than water, there are few molecules in the bodies of organisms that do not contain _______. A) sodium B) nitrogen C) calcium D) carbon 35) Which of the following countries presents the highest infant mortality rate? A) United States B) Canada C) Tanzania D) France 36) An individual's ecological footprint is A) a measure of how many steps that person takes B) a measure of how much that person produces C) a measure of the total amount of land required to support that person's lifestyle D) a measure of the total amount of food and water required to support that person's lifestyle 37) An idea that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers is called a(n) A) hypothesis B) induction C) theory D) deduction 38) Why do areas near large bodies of water have moderate climates? A) Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water B) It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water due to hydrogen bonding C) Water can be a gas, solid or liquid at Earth temperature and pressure D) Animals and plants in these areas are less waterstressed 39) Environmental justice is A) not needed because pollution is equitably distributed around the world B) a social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities C) the type of legal system that environmental lawyers use to defend nature D) a type of legal punishment for polluters 40) The addition of a limiting nutrient to a body of water may lead to an algal bloom. What effect will this algal bloom have on the oxygen content of the water? A) The algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall B) The algal bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water C) The algal bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water D) The algal bloom will cause first an increase, then a sharp decrease in oxygen