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Transcript
Name: _________________________________ Honors Biology Chapter 1: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology Characteristics of Life: 1. _________________is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth 2. What is biology? 3. Biology is the study of ____________ Comes in a variety of _________ & __________ Biologists study life in many different ways It also is the study of ___________ 4. Properties that characterize life a. _____________: all organisms consist of one or more cells (or order within internal & external parts and how they interact with the world) b. __________: all living things are highly ordered…we have many different types of cells c. _____________: all organisms respond to stimuli d. _____________________: must pass on our genetics e. ____________________: all organisms use energy in our body(this energy depends on metabolism) f. ____________________: all organisms interact with other organisms & the environment for survival. g. ____________________: internal conditions suitable for their environment 5. What defines the characteristics of life? (hint: as being the most important factor). All living things must be able to do this in order to be characterized as living: 4 THEMES IN BIOLOGY 6. Theme 1: Different levels of Biological Organization 1. 2. 3. 7. Population Level: a. ________________: consist of life on earth and the places where life exist b. ________________: the community & habitat where it lives together in an ecological system c. ________________: all the populations of different species living together in one place d. ________________: most basic a group of organism of the same species living in the same place e. ________________: its members similar in appearance are able to interbreed 8. Organismal Level: a. _______________: are groups of organs (I.e. the nervous system consist of sensory organs used by the brain, spinal cord & neurons that send signals to & from them) b. _______________: are groups of tissues (i.e. brain is an organ made of nerve cells & connective tissue) c. _______________: the most basic level which are groups of similar cells 9. Cellular Level: a. _______________: are the basic unit of life b. _______________: are tiny organs of the cell c. _______________: are clusters of atoms d. _______________: are the basic units of matter 10. ___________________ result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system. They characterize nonbiological entities as well 11. Theme 2: Life’s processes involve expression of gene information: 12. Genes are made of___________. Heredity depends on the copying of DNA from one generation to the next. 13. _____________: entire set of DNA instructions within a cell 14. Theme 3: Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and Matter: 15. Input of energy, (from the sun) and transformation of energy from one form to another make ______________ 16. Theme 4: Organisms interact with other organisms within the environment: Every organism interacts with _______________ in its environment. Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them. EVOLUTION: 17. What is the core theme in biology? 18. Evolution makes sense of everything we know about living organisms a. Evolution explains patterns of ______________________ in living organisms b. Similar traits among organisms are explained by descent from common ___________ c. Differences among organisms are explained by of __________________ 19. List the 3 Biological Domains of Life: 1. 2. 3. a. b. c. d. CHARLES DARWIN: 20. Charles Darwin a. sailed on board the _________________ b. findings led to the development of the __________________ c. theory became the core of ____________________d. wrote: e. Said living things: _______________________ f. natural selection? Or not? You decide…… 21. Charles Darwin made two points: 1. 2. 22. Darwin Observed: Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are __________ More offspring are produced than survive, and ___________ is inevitable Species generally suit their _____________ 23. Darwin Determined: Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to _______________________ Over time, more individuals in a population will have the ______________________. This process is called: _________________________ 24. Darwin’s evidence drew ideas from Charles Lyell’s “Principles of Geologyspecies were becoming extinct while others were emerging 1. Observed fossils: 2. Geographical Distribution: 3. Oceanic Islands: 25. His life on the Galapagos: 26. Natural selection is a mechanism for ______________________________. It occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce and pass their to the next ____________________ As a result, each generation consist largely of offspring from parents with these changes 27. Natural selection can significantly alter the genetic equilibrium of a population’s gene pool over time. Significant changes in the gene pool could lead to the evolution of a new _______________ 28. The evolution of new species, a process called ________________ occurs when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment. 29. Geographical isolation occurs when: 30. _______________________ is the process of intentional or unintentional modification of a species through human actions which encourage the breeding of certain traits over others. 31. Evolution after Darwin: more evidence a. More extensive ____________ support the theory of natural selection b. Mechanism of heredity: _____________ accounts in a neat & orderly way for the production of new variations of species c. _____________ compares animals with strong evidence for evolution d. _________________ DNA evidence links organisms to past organisms 32. Homologous structure: Vestigial Structure: Analogous Structure: 33. About ___________ of all species that have existed are extinct. Scientist use fossils to learn about the ancient species. SCIENTIFIC METHOD: 34. Define scientific method 35. The methods of science are based on 2 principles: 1. 2. 36. List the steps of the scientific method (*know what each step is used for) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Hypothesis is: 37. List 2 ways scientists use reasoning 1. 2. 38. What is deductive reasoning? 39. What is inductive reasoning? 40. Describe the two steps used in establishing a control: 1. 2. The dependent variable is usually the result of the experiment, the thing you measure. The independent variable is what causes the results. 41. A hypothesis is most useful when it makes predictions, because predictions provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis a. If experimental results are __________________ with the predictions, then the hypothesis must be ______________ b. If experimental results are __________________ with the predictions then the hypothesis must be ______________. 42. Applied Research vs Basic Research: