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Transcript
Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology 13.1 Learning Targets I can explain/know/understandThe levels of organization in ecology How observation , experimentation, & modeling are used in ecology The terms: ecology ,community , ecosystem, biome ECOLOGY is the study of interactions among living things (word comes from the Greek “oikos” which means house) Levels of Organization From Smallest to Largest Organism: individual living thing (alligator) Population: A group of the same species that lives in one area (wolves in the forest) Community: A group of different species that live together in one area (wolves, deer, bears, ravens, moose in a forest in the north woods) Ecosystem: All of the organisms and the climate, soil, water, rocks, and other non-living factors in an area (an entire ecosystem exists within one decaying log in the forest) Biome: Major regional or global community of organisms, (characterized by climate and plant communities) ie: desert or prairie Levels of Organization Ecological Research in a Forest Experimentation Controlled experiments and data collection in the field are difficult and challenging. Remember the pillbugs? FAQ: What are some things that make field work so challenging and difficult? Ecological Research In a Forest Observation Observation Here are some ways observational research could be done in a forest. Radio tracking of wolves Tagging of deer Measuring tree growth Measuring pH of lakes Ecological Research in a Forest Research by modeling examples Using computer models to simulate plant or animal populations to make predictions Variables can be manipulated in a computer model (meteorologists do this all the time) For example: predicting how climate change and or drought may impact large herbivores (deer & moose) in northern Minnesota 13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors 13. 2 Learning Targets I can explain/know/understandRole and importance of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem How changing one factor in ecosystem can impact all the others The terms: biotic, abiotic, biodiversity, keystone species Biotic Factors Biotic factors are living things (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) that have a role in an ecosystem FAQ: What is the role of the earthworm in a forest ecosystem? Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors are the non-living things, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soil in an ecosystem FAQ: The BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2011. What abiotic factors came into play during that disaster? Biodiversity and Keystone Species Biodiversity is the variety of living things within an ecosystem A Keystone species is one that has a great impact on an ecosytem If a keystone species is impacted, it may have a ripple effect on other parts of an ecosystem A keystone species is the glue that holds an ecosystem together Keystone Species 13. 3 Energy in Ecosystems 13. 3 Learning Targets I can explain/know/understandThe role of producers in an ecosystem How producers use sunlight to obtain energy The terms: producer, autotroph , consumer, heterotroph , chemosynthesis Producers provide energy Producers, also known as autotrophs, get their energy from non-living resources, (they make their own food) Auto- (self) - troph (nourishment) All ecosystems depend upon producers to provide the base Producers utilyze photosynthesis Consumers Consumers obtain energy by eating living or onceliving resources (plants and animals) Consumers are also called “heterotrophs” Hetero- (different) Obtaining Energy Photosynthesis is a 2 stage process that plants use to change sunlight, water, and CO2 into carbohydrates (sugar) Chemosynthesis is the process that organisms use to produce carbohydrates by using chemicals. Examples: Geothermal areas in YNP and at mid-ocean ridge See the next slide from Yellowstone National Park and check out the chemosynthetic action going on. Grand Prismatic Pool in YNP Notice the boardwalk 13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs 13.4 Learning Targets I can explain/know/understandHow a food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships A food web is a complex network of feeding relationships The terms: food chain, carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, specialist, generalist, trophic level, food web, Food Chain A food chain is a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships Types of Consumers Herbivores-eat only plants (deer & moose) Carnivores-eat only animals (wolves & hawks) Omnivores-eat both plants and animals (bears & raccoon) Detritivores-eat detritus ie. Dead organic matter Decomposers-break down organic matter into simpler compounds (fungi) More Consumers Florida Snail Kite Specialist-a consumer that feeds on one particular organism or group of organisms(Florida snail kite feeds only on the apple snail) Generalist-consumers with a varying diet (wolves are generalist because they feed on many different types of prey) Trophic Levels-the levels of nourishment in a food chain Producers-photosynthetic and chemosynthetic plants, they provide the base upon which all consumers depend either directly or indirectly Primary consumers-(herbivores) they are the first trophic level after the producers Secondary consumers-eat the primary consumers Tertiary consumers-eat the secondary consumers Note: for some animals it is obvious which level they should be placed, for others, like omnivores, they may be placed in 2 levels Food Web A food web shows the complexity of a interconnecting food chains 13.5 Cycling of Matter Learning Targets: I can Explain how water cycles through the environment identify and explain other elements that cycle through ecosystems (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycles) Explain the terms: hydrologic cycle, biogeochemical cycle Hydrologic (water) cycle Water cycle-the sun provides the energy for water on the Earth to go from evaporation to condensation to precipitation to collection in bodies of water to evaporation, etc, etc, etc. Biogeochemical cycle Biogeochemical cycle-the movement of a particular chemical through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem Example 1 The Oxygen Cycle Example 2 The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the most basic element needed for life (organic) Carbon transfer occurs constantly between plants and animals C can be stored in Carbon sinks (forest contains lots of cellulose, which traps Carbon) Example 3 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen “fixing” bacteria put N2 back in the soil, which then can be used by plants Fertilizers contain nitrates, which give crops a boost to growth Example 4 The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus cycle does not include an atmosphere component The cycle begins with weathering of phosphorus containing rocks Phosphorus is common in lawn fertilizer, rain water runoff leads to algal blooms in lakes, and fish kills 13.6 13.6 Learning Targets I can explain/know/understandHow an energy pyramid show the distribution of energy among trophic levels Pyramids can be used to show biomass and distribution of organisms The terms: biomass, energy pyramid Biomass is the total dry mass of organisms in a given area Pyramids are used to show energy relationships Energy transfer is very inefficient, as shown in an energy pyramid 10% Rule In theory, there is no limit to the number of levels in an ecological/energy pyramid Only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level Grass stores about 10% of the sunlight it receives Cows pass on about 10% of the energy that they get from the grass to the next level. (hamburgers) So do the math. Only about 10% of 10% is passed on to the burger eater (1% of original energy amount.) The more levels there are between the producers and the top level consumer the more energy is lost Biomass pyramid-shows biomass levels at different trophic levels Pyramid of Numbers –shows actual estimates of number of organisms Primary Productivity Primary Productivity-(PP) PP is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis PP is expressed this way: energy/meter2/year (calories or joules per square meter per year)