Download Chapter 3: The Civil War and Reconstruction

CHAPTER 3: THE CIVIL WAR
AND RECONSTRUCTION
Section 1: The Civil War Begins
ELECTION OF 1860

The Republicans needed a candidate who could sweep the
North

Lincoln is the Republican nominee who stayed true to his free-soil
principles

Lincoln won every free state except for New Jersey
SECESSION BEGINS

South Carolina is the first
state to secede

By February 1st, 1861, six
more states leave the
Union

Viewed it as the same as
the Revolutionary War
FOUNDING THE CONFEDERACY

On February 8th, delegates from the Seceding states declared
the Confederate States of America

Wrote a similar Constitution


Independence of each state

Guaranteed slavery

Banned tariffs

1-6 year term of presidency
Jefferson Davis is the first president
FORT SUMTER FALLS

Lincoln intended to resupply Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor

Most vital harbor in the South

Jefferson Davis requested the surrender of the Fort

After 33 hours of bombardment Major Robert Anderson
surrendered

The Upper South begins to secede
HOLDING THE BORDER STATES

Lincoln imposed martial law to keep Maryland in the Union

State citizens lost their rights

Kentucky tried to remain neutral until the Confederacy stationed
troops in their state

Missouri votes to stay in the Union
THE OPPOSING SIDES

Robert E. Lee was offered the position of leading the
Confederacy

Hundreds of military officers resigned to join the Confederacy

The South could quickly mobilize troops

The Navy is mostly in the North
THE OPPOSING ECONOMIES

North had about 22 million people


Had 90% of the factories
South had about 9 million people

Half the miles of railroad tracks
FINANCING THE WAR

North

The national treasury and big banks were in the North

Large reserves of cash sold as bonds

Legal Tender Act created a national currency and allowed the
government to issue paper money

South

Southern planters were in debt and could not borrow money

Raised tax on trades

Printed their own paper money
THE POLITICAL SITUATION

Lincoln still did not want to end slavery

Focused on preserving the Union

In 1862, Congress passed a conscription law for states that could
not raise enough soldiers

Lincoln also suspended writs of habeas corpus

Jefferson Davis struggled to gain support due to state rights
THE SOUTH’S STRATEGY

Southern generals would pick their battles sparingly

Believed that the Union would eventually grow tired of war

The South struck quickly in eight battles suffering 20,000 more
casualties than the North
THE UNION’S ANACONDA PLAN

Winfield Scott suggested that the Union blockade Confederate
ports and send gunboats down the Mississippi River

Lincoln adopted this plan and believed only a long war would
lead to victory
SECTION 2: FIGHTING THE CIVIL WAR
THE EARLY STAGES

President Lincoln approved a battle against Confederate troops
near Manassas, Virginia

The Union was winning until reinforcements under Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson arrived

The day after the battle Lincoln signed a bill for 500,000 more
men

Offered bounties to enlistments
THE NAVAL WAR

Lincoln issued a blockade of all confederate ports

The South created blockade runners to send goods to Europe

Admiral David G. Farragut was sent south to capture New
Orleans
THE WAR IN THE WEST

General Ulysses S. Grant began to seize control of the
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers


Then headed to take over the railroads
The Confederates launched a surprise attack known as the Battle
of Shiloh

Union victory at a cost
THE WAR IN THE EAST

The Union shifted its tactics towards taking over the capital

General Lee launched a series of attacks known as the Seven
Days Battle


30,000 casualties
At the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee is able to force a retreat of
Union soldiers

20 miles from DC
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

On September 17th, 1862 Lee’s forces met Union troops at
Antietam

Bloodiest one-day battle in American history


6,000 deaths and 16,000 wounded
This Union victory kept the British out of the war
LIFE DURING THE CIVIL WAR

The South’s economy suffered tremendously

The North had an economic boom

Life as a soldier was never easy

Prison camps always suffered food shortages
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WOMEN
DURING THE WAR

The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African
Americans to enlist in the Union arm and navy

Thousands quickly joined the fight

One of the most important position that women held during the
was nursing

Started the nursing profession
THE TURNING POINT

Three major Union victories put the Confederacy on the
defensive

In May 1863, Grant launched two assaults on Vicksburg


Lost both battles
Put the city of Vicksburg under siege
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

General Lee had been gaining large victories and started
another invasion in the north

On July 2, Lee attacked but the Union troops held their ground

Pickett’s charged caused 7,000 casualties in less than half an
hour

This becomes the turning point for the war in the east
GRANT VS. LEE

Grant was relentless in his attack south

Lee and the Confederates had no time to recover

Towns were put under siege under the Confederate capital
would be taken
SHARMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA

Grant put his most trusted subordinate William Sherman in charge
of the fight in the west

Going through Georgia, Sherman eventually captured Atlanta
and started fires

They then headed towards the sea to show the South’s citizens
what war was like
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

In 1865 the 13th amendment to the Constitution was passed

Lee’s attempt to escape Grant failed when his troops were
surrounded at the Appomattox Courthouse

Grant’s terms of surrender GUARANTEED no Confederate soldiers
would be tried for treason

The Union has won the was
LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION

After the war, President Lincoln made a speech outlining his plan
for the United States

John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865 at Fords
Theater
SECTION 3: RECONSTRUCTION

Rebuilding after the Civil War
RADICAL REPUBLICANS


In December 1863, Lincoln proposed the Proclamation of
Amnesty

Wanted to pardon all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty

Confederate government officials could not participate in state
government
Radical Republicans wanted to gain more power in the south

Wanted African Americans to earn suffrage rights in the South
WADE-DAVIS BILL

Required the majority of the adult white males in a former
Confederate state to take an oath to the Union

Create a new state constitution



They had to prove they never had an allegiance to the Confederacy
Abolish slavery, reject all debts the state acquired, deprive all former
Confederate government officials right to vote and hold office
Lincoln stopped it with a pocket veto
THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU

The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to feed and clothe war
refugees in the South

The Bureau also helped formerly enslaved people find work on
plantations and negotiated contracts

Land seized from plantation owners was given back to them
ANDREW JOHNSON TAKES OFFICE

Johnson believed in a moderate policy of reconstruction

Forced Southern states to ratify the 13th amendment

Southern states were passing black codes
14TH AMENDMENT

A joint committee was created in order to develop their own
program for rebuilding the Union

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which granted
citizenship to all persons born in the US except Native Americans


Johnson veto’s the bill
Congress fought back with an amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United
States and no state could deny a person life, liberty, or property
MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION BEGINS

The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 nullified Johnson’s
programs


Divided the former Confederacy into 5 military districts with a
general in charge of each district
All the states had to write a new constitution acceptable to
Congress
JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENT

Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act

Senate to approve the removal of any official whose appoint was
made by the Senate

To challenge the ruling Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton

Senate voted 35-19 on impeachment
THE 15TH AMENDMENT

Ulysses S. Grant won in a landslide to become the 18th President

Congress passed the 15th amendment in 1870


Right to vote “shall not be denied…on account of race, color, or
previous condition or servitude”
This changed politics and culture in the south
CARPETBAGS AND SCALAWAGS

During Reconstruction many Northerners traveled to the South to
become a part of government


Nicknamed Carpetbaggers by Democrats
Southerners who supported Reconstruction were called
scalawags

Came from all parts of society
AFRICAN AMERICANS

Politics were now open to every male in society

The Freedman’s Bureau established African American school

Religion also became a large part of society
REPUBLICAN REFORM AND SOUTHERN
RESISTANCE


The Republican governments in the south instituted large reforms

Repealed black codes

Established state hospitals

Built roads, railways, and bridges

Provided the funds for all buildings projects
The Ku Klux Klan was the largest and most violent form of
resistance
RECONSTRUCTION ENDS

During Grant’s second term a series of scandals damaged his
reputation

The Panic of 1873 started after a large bank declared
bankruptcy

Lasted for 3 years
COMPROMISE OF 1877

Democrats were starting to take over power in the south

In the election of 1877 (Rutherford Hayes, R Vs. Samuel Tilden, D)
twenty electoral votes were disputed

Supposedly a deal was made for Republicans to pull federal troops
out of the south
A “NEW SOUTH” ARISES

The south plans to create a strong industrial economy

For many African Americans with the end of Reconstruction it
meant a return to the “old south”

Many turned to sharecroppers which led to high interest rate