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ISLAMIC EXPANSION AND CULTURE AFTER MUHAMMAD • The leaders after Muhammad’s death are known as caliphs • The caliph Abu-Bakr used jihad to justify Islamic expansion • Armed struggle against non-believers • One of the “rightly guided” caliphs WHY WERE THE MUSLIM CONQUERORS SUCCESSFUL? • Well disciplined and trained • The empires around it were weak • Conquered people attracted by the message of hope and equality in Islam • Qur’an forbade forced conversion, and so conquered peoples could keep their religions CIVIL WAR • Umayyad family takes control after series of leaders assassinated • Move capital from Mecca to Damascus • More extravagant and ornate • Shi’a split • Believed the caliph must be a direct descendant of Muhammad, simplistic lifestyle, wanted capital at Mecca • Sunni followed the Umayyad • Eventually the Umayyad fall and the Abbasids take over, but the division remained ABBASID EMPIRE TRADE • Connections to the Mediterranean sea and the Indian Ocean allowed for a vast trading network • Different cultures and civilizations interact leading to immense achievements in arts and sciences • Baghdad became the cultural center of the Muslim world ROLE OF WOMEN • Qur’an says women should be obedient, but also that men and women are equal as believers • Law gave women some legal rights • More than European, Indian, or Chinese women at this time (around 10th century) • Poorer women would help husbands in the field, and wealthier women would be educated • Both responsible for raising of children ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY • Relied on math and science to calculate times for prayer and direction of Mecca • Astrolabe • House of Wisdom opens in Baghdad to preserve knowledge after Roman Empire falls • Sets the stage for the Renaissance in Europe ART AND ARCHITECTURE • Intricate and colorful art, but often does not portray living beings (false gods) • Geometric patterns MATH AND PHILOSOPHY • • • • Translated Greek texts Emphasized observation over logic in experiments Invent algebra Believed Greek philosophy and Islam both had the same goal: to find the truth THE “IDEAL MAN” • “The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries” • Crash Course World History Islam