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The Digestive and Excretory Systems Vocabulary 1. digestive system – the group of organs that break down food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed by and transported by the body. 2. mechanical digestion – breaking food into smaller pieces. 3. enzyme – a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction. 4. chemical digestion – the process that breaks down food molecules into simpler substances. 5. esophagus – a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. 6. stomach – a muscular organ that carries out both mechanical and chemical digestion. 7. small intestine – a long, muscular tube where the body absorbs nutrients from food. 8. pancreas – a gland that releases digestive enzymes and other chemicals into the small intestine. 9. liver – an organ that makes bile, a liquid that helps to break down fat. 10. large intestine – an organ of the digestive and excretory systems that absorbs water from undigested material and helps remove solid wastes from the body. 11. excretory system – the organ system that removes wastes from the body. 12. kidney – bean-shaped organs in the abdomen that filter blood and remove wastes. 13. bladder – a muscular sac that holds urine until it exits the body through the urethra.