Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Skeletal System Focus on the Skull Review Anatomical Terms • • • • Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior Bone Markings • Projections for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons – Process , trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine • Processes for articulation with other bones – Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet • Openings = holes or spaces in bone for nerves and vessels to pass – Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, sinus • Depressions = indentations – Fossa, sulcus Axial Skeleton • Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage • Creates a framework of support and protection for internal organs • Provides sites of attachment of muscles The Skull • Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs • Bones that form the skull include – 8 cranial bones – 14 facial bones – 6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears) – Hyoid bone (the only freely moveable bone) • Bones are joined by sutures Bones of the Cranium • Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits • Parietal Bone (2) – posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull • Occiptal Bone (1) – posterior and inferior portions of the skull; foramen magnum • Temporal Bone (2) – form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Bones of the Cranium – Horizontal View Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Sutures of the Cranium • Sagittal Suture – extends along the midline of the cranium; between parietal bones • Coronal Suture – between frontal bone and parietal bones • Lambdoid Suture – between occipital and parietal bones • Squamous Suture– between the temporal bones and the parietal bones Sutures of the Cranium – Lateral View Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Frontal Bone Sutures of the Cranium - Frontal Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone REVIEW The skull at birth The skull at birth Bones of the Cranium continued • Sphenoid Bone–forms the floor of the skull and braces side of skull; acts like a bridge between cranial and facial bones • Ethmoid Bone – anterior to the sphenoid; stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and sides of the nasal cavity • Vomer – forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum • Palatine Bone – forms the posterior hard palate (“roof of mouth”); contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity and the floor of each orbit Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Temporal Bone Vomer Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View Palatine Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Bones of the Cranium–Horizontal View Frontal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Ethmoid Bone Bones of the Face • Maxilla (2) – articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible; forms part of the orbit, walls of nasal cavity and anterior roof of mouth • Zygomatic Bones (2) – articulates with the frontal bone and the maxilla; completes lateral orbit of eye • Nasal Bones– bridge of nose; articulate with frontal bone and maxilla • Lacrimal Bones– with the orbit; medial surface • Mandible – lower jaw Bones of the Face – Lateral View Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Lacrimal Bone Nasal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible Bones of the Face - Frontal Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Nasal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Temporal Bone Maxilla Mandible Vomer Bones of the Face – Inferior View Maxilla Palatine Bone Zygomatic Bone Vomer Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Maxilla Sphenoid Bone Teeth (32) • • • • Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Pre-molars - 8 Molars - 12 Processes • Any elevation or projection • Can be part of a joint or a site of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons PROCESS Protrusion for attachment of tendons and ligaments Processes of the cranium • • • • • • • • • • Styloid process (temporal bone) Mastoid process (temporal bone) Zygomatic process (temporal bone) Occipital condyle (occipital bone) External occipital protuberance (occipital bone) Coronoid process (mandible) Condylar process (mandible) Mandibular process (mandible) Pterygoid process (sphenoid) Hamulus of the pterygoid process (sphenoid) Styloid Process • Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the temporal bone just below the ear • Attaches to – ligaments that support the hyoid bone – muscles that control the tongue and pharynx Mastoid Process • Built up area of the lower temporal bone where important neck muscles attach • Muscle that rotate and elevate the head and clavicle attach here Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone • Connects temporal bone to facial bones (zygomatic bone) Occipital Condyle • The site on the occipital bone where skull meets vertebrae – Atlas = the first vertebrae in the spinal column External Occipital Protuberance • Medial protrusion of the occipital bone • Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to tilt backward attach here Coronoid Process (coronation day) • “like a crown” • Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw Condylar Process • Forms a hinge with the temporal bone Mandibular Process • Smooth surface of the condylar process The Sphenoid Bone • Pterygoid Process and the hamulus of the pterygoid process Process of the Skull – Lateral View Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Lacrimal Bone Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Nasal Bone Zygomatic Process Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mandible Process of the Skull - Frontal Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Nasal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Mandible Vomer Process of the Skull– Inferior View Maxilla Palatine Bone Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Process Maxilla Sphenoid Bone Vomer Styloid Process Mastoid Process Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Occipital Condyle Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View Frontal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Ethmoid Bone Name the Process Name the Process Foramina and Other Structures • General terms to describe openings include – Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure sinus Foramina and Other Structures • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Supraorbital foramen (frontal) Infraorbital foramen (maxilla) Mental foramen (mandible) Foramen magnum (occipital) Jugular foramen (temporal) Carotid canal (temporal) External acoustic meatus (temporal) Mandibular foramen (mandible) Palatine foramen (palatine) Foramen lacerum (temporal) Foramen ovale (sphenoid) Foramen spinosum (sphenoid) Foramen rotundum (sphenoid) Stylomastoid foramen (temporal) FORAMEN, MEATUS, FISSURE, CANAL: Terms to describe openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels Supraorbital foramen** • “above” the orbit • blood vessels and nerves that innervate the eyebrows and eyelids Infraorbital foramen** • “below the orbit” • Facial nerves Mental foramen** • Distal/lateral opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip Mandibular foramen • Proximal/medial opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth Foramen magnum** • Spinal cord Jugular foramen** • Jugular vein Carotid Canal** • Carotid artery Foramen ovale** • Trigeminal nerve – mandibular branch External Auditory meatus** • Opening that leads to the eardrum (tympanum) Palatine foramen • Nerves that innervate the palate Foramen lacerum • Fills with cartilage after birth Foramen spinosum • Nerves that innervate the meninges enter the brain Foramen rotundum • Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch Stylomastoid foramen • Facial nerves exit skull Process of the Skull – Lateral View Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Lacrimal Bone Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Nasal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Process External Auditory Meatus Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mandible Mandible Mental Foramen Process of the Skull - Frontal Coronal Suture Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Supraorbital Foramen Nasal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Superior Orbital Fissure Optic Canal Temporal Bone Infraaorbital Foramen Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Mandible Vomer Process of the Skull– Inferior View Maxilla Palatine Bone Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Process Vomer Styloid Process Mastoid Process Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Maxilla Sphenoid Bone Foramen Ovale Carotid Canal Jugular Foramen Occipital Condyle Foramen Magnum Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View Frontal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Optic Canal Foramen Ovale Temporal Bone Jugular Foramen Carotid Canal Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Foramen Magnum