* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Muslim
Islamic democracy wikipedia , lookup
International reactions to Fitna wikipedia , lookup
Satanic Verses wikipedia , lookup
Muslim world wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
History of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Iran wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Medieval Muslim Algeria wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
Origin of Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Somalia wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Spread of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Romania wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic missionary activity wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Indonesia wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
Hindu–Islamic relations wikipedia , lookup
Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Europe wikipedia , lookup
Islamic schools and branches wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Where Islam Started The religion of Islam whose followers are called Muslims, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. Region is mostly desert Around 500 A.D., home to nomadic herders called Bedouins. Mecca- a thriving town Mecca becomes a booming oasis town and a center for trade located at the crosssection of caravan routes. Also a thriving pilgrimage town for Pagans. Mecca became rich from religious pilgrimages and trade. Muhammad hears the call The prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in A.D. 570. In Mecca, he is a merchant and becomes known for his honesty in business. Muhammad becomes troubled by the moral ills of Mecca, specifically with the other merchants. Muhammad the prophet One day, while meditating, he hears the voice of the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God. He is terrified and feels unworthy because he is just an illiterate merchant. His wife Khadija encourages him to accept the call. Khadija will be the first person to convert to Islam. The Beginning “Islam” means to “submit to God.” Muhammad spends the rest of his life trying to convert the pagans to believe in one god, Allah. The Five Pillars of Islam Profession Pray 5 times per Alms for Fasting the during of Faith day poor Ramadan There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God. Must pray in the direction of the holy city of Mecca. Give charity to those less fortunate Hajj If financially Do not eat able, make from the sunrise to pilgrimage sunset to the holy during the city of holy month Mecca at of least once Ramadan. in a lifetime. The Hijra Muhammad fled to Medina to escape persecution in Mecca. This became known as the hijra. All observant Muslims perform five basic duties known as the Five Pillars of Islam. The Quran is the sacred text of Islam and teaches that there is one God who is allpowerful and compassionate. Rules to Follow The Quran is written in Arabic and this shared language has helped to unite Muslims from many different regions of the world. Islamic religious law is contained in the Sharia, which regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, and government. No Secularism It does not separate religion from law, but applies religious principles to all legal situations. Origin Saudi Arabia in the Middle East Founder Muhammad Holy City Mecca Holy Text Qur’an House of Worship mosque Leader Imam (caliph) Branches Sunni and Shiite (Shia) Holy Day Raamadan- whole month Religious Struggle Another duty is the jihad, a personal duty for Muslims, to struggle in god’s service. At times, it may be interpreted as a holy war to defend Islam and the Muslim community. Muslims, Jews, and Christians worship the same God and Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be “People of the Book,” who have enjoyed religious freedom in many Muslim societies. Two sects of Islam There are two major sects, or branches of Islam. Sunni (approximately 90%)believe caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Shiite (approx 10%) Shi’a believe that only descendants of Muhammad should rule. Shiite groups have further split into many sub-groups. Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. Other Muslims A Sufi is a follower of Islam who meditates and is believed to have mystical powers. The whirling dervishes emphasize dancing, chanting and trances to attain unity with Allah. The Quran affirms the spiritual equality of men and women. Education, inheritance, and divorce are allowed in Islam. As Islam spread, Arabs absorbed practices such as the veiling of women and secluding them to a separate part of the home. Sufis and Whirling Dervishes Geography of the Region Women in some Islamic countries are subject to unequal treatment. Life in Arabia was influenced by the harsh desert climate of the region. The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of three continents, Africa, Asia, and Europe, so it is a crossroads location. Muslim Dress Muslims generally observe modest dress, but the variety of styles and colors have various names depending on the country. The hijab is a square or rectangular piece of fabric which is folded, placed over the head, and fastened under the chin as a head scarf. Physical lay of the land Arabia lies in a hot, dry region with large sand dunes shaped by the wind, making it difficult for plants and animals to survive. Sedentary people settled in oases, where they could farm. These settlements often became towns which in turn became centers of trade. How did Islam Spread so Quickly? After Muhammad’s death, Muslims chose the caliph, Abu Bakr and set out on a series of military campaigns, They began converting remaining Arabs to Islam, which ended warfare and united the Arabs under one leader. The Muslims then defeated the Byzantine and Persian Empires. How it spread (continued) Common faith (Islam) and language (Arabic). Religious tolerance lessened tensions with the Christians & Jews whom the Muslims considered “people of the book.” Equality of believers in terms of race class, and wealth. Warfare exhausted the enemy (Byzantine & Persia). New Empires Arise Desert warfare easier for the experienced Muslim armies. After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires formed—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal. The Sunni, Umayyad caliphate ruled form their capital in Damascus following the death of Ali. Muslim achievements Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom for People of the Book; some restrictions, taxed nonMuslims. Established Arabic as the official language. The Umayyad began first great work of Islamic architecture, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Dome of the Rock The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs who moved the capital to Baghdad, known as the “City of Peace.” Muslim influence can still be seen in the architecture of Islamic centers of learning in Cordoba and Granada. Islam experienced a golden age during the Abassid caliphate. Muslim influence in Cordoba, Spain The Great Mosque 784 AD Trade Boosts the Empire Muslims under the Abbasid dynasty established an international trade network. Merchants were looked upon in high regards because Muhammad had been a merchant. Muslim merchants used camel caravans “ships of the desert” to travel the Sahara into West Africa and used the Silk Road to get to China in East Asia. Camel Caravan Muslim Achievements The Quran strictly banned the worship of idols, and religious leaders forbade artists to portray God or human figures in religious art. Muslim artists perfected calligraphy and verses from the Quran turned decorated buildings. The poet Firdawski wrote the Shah Namah, or the Book of Kings, which tells the history of Persia. Muslim Achievements Arab stories include, The Thousand and One Nights, Aladdin and his Magic Lamp and Ali baba and the Forty Thieves. The philosopher Ibn Rushd, know as Averroes in Europe, based his writings on those of Aristotle. His writings were translated into Latin and later influenced Christian scholastics in medieval Europe. Ibn Rushd The philosopher Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes in Europe, based his writings on those of Aristotle (Greek). His writings were translated into Latin and later influenced Christian scholastics in medieval Europe. Ibn Khaldun Considered the father of economics and of the social sciences, Ibn Khaldun warned about bias, exaggeration and overconfidence in the accuracy of sources. al-Khwarizmi The astronomer, alKhwarizmi, may best be known for pioneering the study of algebra and trigonometry. al-Kwarismi wrote a book that became a standard mathematics textbook in Europe. Muhammad al-Razi Considered the father of pediatrics, Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi also wrote many books on medicine. He also was instrumental in pioneering the study of measles and smallpox. al Razi believed that the mind, as well as the body should be treated. Ibn Sina Another famous Persian physician, Ibn Sina (a.k.a. Avicenna) wrote the Canon on Medicine, a huge encyclopedia that included diagnosing and treating diseases. Medical advances Considered the father of pediatrics, Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi also wrote many books on medicine. He also was instrumental in pioneering the study of measles and smallpox. Al-Razi believed that the mind, as well as the body should be treated. Cultural Diffusion of Islamic Ideas Another famous Persian, Ibn Sina (aka Avicenna) wrote the Canon on Medicine, a huge encyclopedia that included diagnosing and treating diseases. Eventually, European physicians began to attend Muslim universities in Spain. Arabic medical texts were translated into Latin and the works of Avicenna and al-Razi became the standard medical textbooks at European schools for 500 years. Islam Spreads to the Indian Peninsula Muslim armies overran northern India during violent onslaughts. The widespread destruction of Buddhist monasteries contributed to the drastic decline of Buddhism as a major religion in India. Hindus were allowed to practice their religion (Hinduism) as long as they paid a poll tax. Islam in India During the Delhi sultanate, many Hindus converted to Islam. It rejected the caste system It was monotheistic They wanted to work in government There was a strong Muslim trade network. A new language evolved, Urdu, it was a blend of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi languages. So…what do you get when you blend Hinduism and Islam??? Sikhism! Sikhism There are 20 million Sikhs in the world, most of who live in the Punjab province of India. It was founded in the 16th century by the Guru Nanak. The Sikh place of worship is called a Gurdwara. 5 K’s (Articles of Faith) Kesh- uncut hair Kanga- Kuru- Kachera- white undergarments Kirpan- (God’s perfection) wooden comb steel bracelet strapped sword (hygiene) (binds one to the guru) (modesty) (defend faith & the weak) The Mughals Babur (1483-1530) was a sultan who set up the Mughal dynasty in India. Mughal is the Persian word Mongol. Akbar the Great, grandson of Babur, was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire. Akbar was a Muslim who, like the early Indian leader, Asoka, promoted religious harmony through tolerance in diversity. Akbar the Great He treated Hindu princes as business partners, ended taxes for non-Muslims, opened meritbased government jobs to Hindus of all castes and married a Hindu princess. The high point of Mughal literature, art, and architecture came with the reigh of Shah Jahan. The Muslim tomb, the Taj Mahal was built for his wife, Mumtaz Muhal. Akbar the Great: Builder of the Mughal Dynasty The Ottoman Empire The Islamic Ottoman Empire lasted from 1299 until 1922 and spanned three continents. The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective sultans. Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent The Ottoman state, like the Turkish, Mongol, and Mesopotamian states rested on a principle of absolute rule. The longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was Suleiman the Magnificent who ruled from 1520 to his death in 1566. In the East, he was known as Suleiman the Lawgiver, for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Ottoman Law Ottoman law was based on the Sharia (Islamic Law) and was supplemented by royal edicts (orders or commands). Ottoman society was divided into classes, each with its appointed role. Non-Muslims lived in religious communities called millets, who had their own leaders who were responsible for education and some legal matters. The Ottoman Social Class system Men of the sword- soldiers, always Muslims Men of the pen- lawyers, judges, scientists, and poets. Men of the negotiation- merchants, artisans, tax collectors. Men of husbandry- farmers and herders. Ottoman Military Enslaved Christian boys, from conquered territories in the Balkans, converted to Islam, were educated, and were put through rigorous military training at the palace school. The best of these soldiers won a prized place in the elite Ottoman fighting force called the janissaries. After Sulieman’s death in 1566, the Ottoman Empire began a slow decline. The Safavids By the 1700’s European advances in both commerce and military technology were leaving the Ottomans behind. By the early 1500’s Shiite Muslims, the Safavids united an empire in Persia, modern day Iran. The Safavid king was called the shah. The best known king was the Shah Abbas, who revived the glory of ancient Persia. Ottomans as the Middle Men Abbas built a new capital at Isfahan, which became a center of the international silk trade. The economic structure of the Ottoman Empire was defined by its ability to block land routes for trade between the East and the West. The Ottomans stood as the middle men for trade between the West (Europe) and the East (China). New Dynasties The Armenians controlled the trade, so Abbas brought thousands to Isfahan and built a settlement for these Christians, whom he allowed to govern themselves. The Safavid Empire slowly faded after the death of Shah Abbas and continuing pressure from the Ottoman armies. Still, the Safavid Empire, firmly established Shiism in Iran. In the 1700’s a new dynasty, the Qajars, won control of Iran and made Tehran their capital. Shiites in Iran still Today The Shiite-Muslims who eventually take over a commercially and militarily backward Ottoman empire were the Safavids. Persian culture flourished from 1588-1629 under the shah, Abbas the Great. In 1722, the Qajars won control of Iran, made Tehran their capital and ruled until 1925. The Safavids planted a firm Shiite tradition in Iran.