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January 30 2017 To Get Out: Notebook, pencil/pen WARM UP: Why do you think plants are important to the ecosystem? HOMEWORK: Imaginary Organism due Feb 3rd Parts of Plants and Funtion Parts of a Plant Roots hold the plant in the soil and takes in water and nutrients from the soil. Parts of the Root Root Provides protection for the root tip Root Cap Hairs Site of absorption Vascular Image found at: www.cactus-art.biz Tissue Within cortex, contains cells that transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant Image found at: www.bio.psu.edu Parts of the Root Epidermis Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root Cortex Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root Roots 2 Types of Root Systems Taproot Fibrous System Image found at: http://www.puc.edu Roots Taproot System Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming Image found at: http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu Roots Fibrous Root System Small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface Image found at: www.wildmanstevebrill.com Root Functions Roots have 4 primary functions Absorption of water and nutrients performed by root hairs Transportation of water and nutrients to stem Anchor plant to maintain stability Store food and water Parts of a Plant The stem holds up the plant and moves water and nutrients through it. Parts of the Stem Node Areas where side branches and leaves develop Internode Area between nodes Xylem Carries nutrients up Phloem Carries nutrients down Pith Stores food Image found at: www.ext.colostate.edu Stems Functions: Support the leaves, and positions them so they can receive as much sunlight as possible Responsible for the size and shape of the plant. Stems Functions: Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant. Green stems produce food through photosynthesis. Stems Internal Structures Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located near the center of the stem. Xylem Up!! Stems Internal Structure: Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The phloem is usually located near the outside of the stem. Phloem Down!! Stems Specialized Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil. Example: Stems Onions Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb. Example: Gladiolus Stems Specialized Stems Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies horizontally. Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the ground (often called runners). Example: Strawberry runners Plant Body Leaf = blade + petiole Functions Exposes surface to sunlight Major site of photosynthesis Conserves water Provides for gas exchange Blade Petiole Stoma = opening in the leaf for gas exchange, water evaporation Conserves water Photosynthesi s Structures of the Leaf Transports water and sugar to stem and roots Important Functions of Leaves Photosynthesis Process that plants use to produce their food 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Transpiration Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide Leaf Parts Blade Main body of leaf Petiole Attaches blade to stem Midrib Large central vein Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com Leaf Parts Apex Tip of leaf Base Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem Margin Edge of leaf Epidermis “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange Stomata Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange Mesophyll Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs Leaves Leaf Types Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole. Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades. Leaves Vein Patterns Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots. Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots. Leaves Leaf Layers: Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping. Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both the top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect the leaf. Leaves Leaf Layers Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisble for gas exchange. Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open and close them. Monocots Leaves have parallel Veins Fibrous Roots Flower parts in 3’s Seed has one part (cotyledon) Vascular bundles are scattered Dicots Leaves have branched Veins Tap Roots Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s Seed has two parts (cotyledons) Vascular bundles are in a ring Monocot vs. Dicot Number of cotyledons: one vs. two Monocot vs. Dicot Leaf venation pattern: Monocot is parallel Dicot is net pattern Monocot vs. Dicot root Monocot: Dicot: Fibrous root Tap root Monocot vs. Dicot Flower parts: Monocot: Dicot: in groups of three in groups of four or five Monocot vs. Dicot Stem types: Monocot: Herbaceous Dicot: herbaceous or woody Summary: Monocot vs. Dicot Comparing Monocots vs. Dicots FEATURE MONOCOTS DICOTS Cotyledons 1 2 Leaf venation parallel broad Root system Fibrous Tap Number of floral parts Vascular bundle position Woody or herbaceous In 3’s In 4’s or 5’s Scattered Arranged in a circle Either Herbaceous Parts of a Seed Seed Coat Seed Leaf Stored Food Developing Plant How a Seed Grows into a New Plant The life of a plant begins as a seed. Once you plant and water a seed it begins to germinate. The root pushes through the seed coat. The seedling grows out of the ground. The stem and its leaves point to the sunlight. The leaves make its own food. Flowers begin to bloom and make seeds. New seeds are formed and scattered. What is this process called? Parts of the Seed Embryo Growing part of seed containing: Endosperm Plumule – “Shoot” Hypocotyl – Stem Radical – “Root” Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed Cotyledon Food Storage Protective outer covering of the seed Seed Coat Parts of the Seed Image found at: www.puc.edu Flower Function Sexual Reproduction!!!! Flowers Wind Insects Birds are pollinated by: Flower Parts Pistil Female part of plant Containing: Stigma Style Ovary Image found at: www.howe.k12.ok.us Flower Parts Stamen Male reproductive part Contains Anther Filament Image found at: www.botanyworld.com Flower Parts Petals Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands Sepals Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu Flowers Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents (meiosis) #1 The stamen releases pollen. #2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination occurs) #3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary. Flowers Sexual Reproduction in Plants: #4 When the sperm has been deposited in the ovary fertilization has occurred. #5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become a fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds. Flowers Flower Types: Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts. Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either male or female parts. Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens. Flowers Flower Types: Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen. Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete. Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect