* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download blanksNotesPsychologicalDisordersCh12APpsy
Addictive personality wikipedia , lookup
Substance use disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conduct disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Autism spectrum wikipedia , lookup
Panic disorder wikipedia , lookup
Major depressive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Eating disorders and memory wikipedia , lookup
Anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depersonalization disorder wikipedia , lookup
Schizoaffective disorder wikipedia , lookup
Personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar II disorder wikipedia , lookup
Social anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Eating disorder wikipedia , lookup
Schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral theories of depression wikipedia , lookup
Munchausen by Internet wikipedia , lookup
Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Memory disorder wikipedia , lookup
Psychological trauma wikipedia , lookup
Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Separation anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Treatment of bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Social construction of schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup
Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depression in childhood and adolescence wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
Pyotr Gannushkin wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 A.P. Psychology-NOTES The David Rosenhan study-pseudo-patients (including himself) faked mental illness to gain admittance into mental hospitals. No staff members realized they were ______ patients. Many patients did realize they were fake! Psychopathology (AKA-Mental ___________ or Mental ______________)-Characterized by deviant, maladaptive, or harmful behaviors and disruptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that cause distress and dysfunction and affect the performance of daily functions. Deviant behavior-being different from the behavior of most people in a particular culture (violation of social norms) History of Psychopathology Ancient world-Mental illness caused by demons and ___________ that had taken possession of a person’s mind and/or body. Middle Ages-Influence of the Medieval Church Demons, ____________ Psychopathology was the “work of the ___________” Cure was to drive out the demons and evil spirits Later part of the 18th century-The Medical Model-mental illness is a “disease” of the mind. Like physical illness-can have cause and require special treatments. Psychological models of mental disorders (alternatives to the medical model)-Can be any of or combinations of the following; behavioral, cognitive, social learning, and biological. Cognitive model-looks inward and emphasizes ___________ processes, how people think about themselves, internal and external locus of _______________. Behavioral model-looks outward focusing on influence or the environment, abnormal behaviors are ____________, punishments, rewards, associations. Many psychologists now say that cognitive and behavioral models work together in a social context (Social perspective) Social-cognitive-behavioral model-Combine all three, Albert Bandura theory of reciprocal determinism (all influence each other). Biopsychology of mental disorders-neuroscience, mental illness involves the brain or nervous system, neurotransmitters, brain injury, genetics. Biopsychosocial model-suggests psychological disorders are result of combination and interaction of biological, psychological, and _____________________ factors. Diathesis-stress hypothesis-genetic factors put individual at risk while environmental factors transform this potential into mental illness. Indicators of psychological disorders: Distress-unusual or prolonged levels of unease or _____________ Maladaptiveness-acting in ways that make others fearful or interferes with his or her well ____________. Irrationality Unpredictability Undesirable or unconventional behavior DSM-IV-TR-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition-text revised)used by mental health professionals to describe and diagnose psychopathology. DSM-IV-TR evaluates individuals on 5 different axes. We will look at these online Diagnostic labels of mental disorders? Some psychologists suggest labeling people with mental disorders can cause more harm than good, Thomas Szasz. How? Psychosis-“break from reality” ANXIETY DISORDERS-characterized by extreme feelings of apprehension which disrupt functioning and are present for a long time 1. Generalize Anxiety Disorder-mild anxiety not connected with any particular object or situation that tends to last for a long time, can cause fatigue, irritability, “something bad is going to happen,” AKA-free-floating _________________ 2. Panic Disorder (attacks)-sudden occurrence of panic attacks, ________ heart rate, heavy breathing, sweating, fainting, etc…fear of a panic attack can trigger one….may lead to…. Agoraphobia-fear of crowded ___________ places 3. Phobia -persistent and irrational fears of an object, activity, or situation. Can be specific (dogs, snakes, etc….) social (social situation and fear of being criticized), agoraphobia Causes? Can be learned (John Watson with Little __________) 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders-Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors Obsession-______________, images, or impulses that persist despite trying to suppress them. Compulsion-repetitive purposeful act in response to the obsession, removes __________ from the obsession Person knows this is irrational Biological? Runs in families, tics, can respond to drug therapy Behavioral therapy-must learn extinction 5. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-symptoms of anxiety in response to extreme physical or psychological trauma, causes person to avoid similar situations. Some war veterans, victims of natural disasters, some women who have had abortions, etc…… Causes of anxiety disorders? Biopsycholgical causes Overactive in NT norepinephrine-panic attacks? Undersupply of NT serotonin (_________ and sleep) linked to OCD and social phobias Deficiency of NT GABA-an inhibitory NT-could account for racing thoughts? Preparedness Hypothesis-Martin Seligman’s theory that says-innate biological tendency from natural selection to fear certain things that pose a survival danger to our ancestors Unlearn phobias? Cognitive-behavioral therapy Flooding and Systematic desensitization? SOMATOFORM DISORDERS-people experience psychological problems associated with physical symptoms for which no physical origin can be found 1. Conversion disorder-paralysis, blindness, deafness, or loss of sensation with no discernable physical cause, formally called “___________” “all in your head” 2. Hypochondriasis-excessive concern about ___________ and disease 3. Somatization disorder-people report multiple physical ailments rather than an isolated disease or condition 4. Pain disorder-report sever pain without any known physical cause Causes of Somatoform disorders-diathesis-stress model indicates that somatoform disorders are the result of people being overly sensitive to physical sensations Children get special attention and privileges with they are sick? DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS-very rare group of disorders involving “fragmentation” of a personality, disruptions to a person’s memory, consciousness, and identity. Controversial because, Limited research on these disorders and not everyone agrees on causes and symptoms 1. Dissociative amnesia-psychologically induced amnesia, memory loss of event, identity, or series of events 2. Dissociative Fugue-Same as Dissociative amnesia but with “flight” from home, family, job, etc…person forms a new identity, can last hours or days, alcohol? 3. Dissociative Identity Disorder-Multiple personality disorder Usually appears in childhood Report being sexually _____________ May be a defense by dominant self to protect itself Other personalities emerge under __________ Causes of Dissociative disorders Psychodynamic therapists (Freudian) say DID is a result of defense mechanism (_______________) which blocks unwanted impulses and memories from entering consciousness. Person creates a “new person” who now acts out the unacceptable impulses and copes with traumatic events. MOOD DISORDERS (AFFECTIVE DISORDERS) Major Depressive Disorder (AKA-unipolar disorder) “common cold of mental disorders” feelings of worthlessness lack of __________ difficulty sleeping withdraw from family and friends lethargic and/or agitated _____________ Women more than men Minimum of 2 weeks of deep depression Cognitive problems Causes of Depression Often runs in ____________. Twin studies? Malfunction of chromosome 13? Which is connected to production of NT serotonin Lack of development in Limbic system, amygdala, Hippocampus, and frontal lobe? Low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine possible linked to depression, while overactivity of these NTs can lead to mania. Malfunction in endocrine system-people with depression have been shown to have an excess release of the stress hormone cortisol. Problems with Pituitary gland? Hypothalamus? Faulty cognition-pessimism, low self-esteem, personal flaws or uncontrollable events (Martin Seligman called-learned ______________) Look at figure 12.3 in textbook. Sociological factors? Poverty, crime areas, domestic violence? More often in teenagers now, why? 1. Self-centeredness that focuses on individualism not groups 2. Self-esteem movement that has taught children that they should feel ______ about themselves irrespective of __________ and accomplishments 3. Culture of victimology Dysthymic disorder-less intense depression but may last longer, generally feels sad, must have symptoms for more than two years to be classified as dysthymic disorder Sunlight deprivation (SAD-Seasonal Affective Disorder)-Malfunction in circadian clock could trigger excessive of hormone melatonin which causes person to be excessively tired. Expose to artificial _________. BIPOLAR DISORDERS 1. Bipolar I disorder-(formerly known as Manic-Depressive disorder) alternating periods of mania (excessive elation) and ______________ manic phase-energetic, talkative, hyperactive, euphoric, may spend $$ wildly, promiscuous sex, high-_______ behaviors Genetic component? Identical twins (monozygotic) ____% more likely to be bipolar if other twin is, compared to 1% or normal population. 2. Bipolar II disorder-Major depressive episodes alternate with periods of hypomania (less sever mania) 3. Cyclothymic disorder-less sever Bipolar I (dysthymic with hypomania) SCHIZOPHRENIA-Rare group of psychotic disorders involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions. Literally means “split or broken mind,” not split personality but split mental processes, perceptions, and feelings Symptoms usually appear in adolescence Symptoms of Schizophrenia Clang associations-words based on double meanings or the way the word sounds, talk in ________________ Word salad-repetition of nonmeaningful statements Delusions-false and distorted beliefs. 1. Delusions of grandeur-exaggerated beliefs about oneself “I am a King” I am a _____” 2. Delusions of persecution-people are out to get you, following me! 3. Delusions of influence-one is being controlled by outside forces (CIA, aliens) Hallucinations-False perceptions. Auditory hallucinations, hearing voices, most common, Hallucinations may be visual, olfactory Inappropriate emotions-laugh at a funeral, flat affect-no _______________ Neologisms-using words that only have meaning to the person saying them Loose associations-thoughts don’t seem to be connected with another Positive symptoms-(addition of symptoms) hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought Negative symptoms-(missing symptoms) lack of pleasure, motivation, speech skills, flat affect 1. Disorganized-hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, incoherent speech, talk to imaginary people? Many homeless people? 2. Catatonic-involves _____________ functions, can be, Catatonic stupor-motionless “statuelike” or have unexpected bodily movements 3. Paranoid Delusions of persecution-“people are out to get me” Delusions of grandeur-highly exaggerated sense of self-importance “I am the King of England” Hallucinations 4. Residual-Once had schizophrenia but currently have no symptoms, ________________ 5. Undifferentiated-“catchall” people who do meet requirements for any other schizophrenic type Possible causes of schizophrenia? Brain disorder? Undersized Thalamus-resulting in messages getting sent to incorrect parts of the brain, possible causing hallucinations. “Dopamine Hypothesis”-most credible explanation of schizophrenia, Excessive dopamine connected to positive symptoms, Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine suppressing symptoms. Family history? Monozygotic ____________ 40% increase in likelihood Prenatal viruses? Increased risk when father is older than 45 at time of conception. Cocaine abuse affects levels of dopamine receptors increasing chance of schizophrenia Vulnerability theory of schizophrenia (just like Diathesis stress model)-biological predisposition to schizophrenia can be triggered by amount of stress in your life PERSONLAITY DISORDERS-enduring or continuous inflexible patterns of thinking, acting, or feeling. Personality disorder (Axis II on the DSM-IV-TR tend to be lifelong and inflexible) compared to clinical disorder (Axis I) Personality disorders are grouped into three clusters Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric a. Paranoid-distrust of others, react with violence, not psychotic (no hallucination or _______________) b. Schizoid-no social relationships, “______________” c. Schizotypal-Odd perceptions, thoughts, or emotions that resemble schizophrenia, problems with relationships. Cluster B: Dramatic-Erratic a. Histrionic personality disorder-Obsessed with being center of attention, emotionally shallow, very ____________________, increased risk of Somatoform disorders b. Narcissistic personality disorder-exaggerated degree of self-importance, need constant attention and admiration, don’t respond well to criticism or defeat, entitled, selfish, arrogant c. Borderline personality disorder-unpredictable __________, trouble relationships, don’t handle frustration well, self-mutilation, suicidal, sexual promiscuity. Women > _________ d. Antisocial personality disorder-no conscience, no sense of responsibility, chronic lying, steal, fight, “Psychopaths” “_____________”, con artists, starts early in life. Men>_____________, Reduced activity in frontal lobe (which is responsible for planning) Lack of positive parenting, attachment problems Cluster C: Anxious-fearful a. Dependent-enormous need to be taken care of, very needy, cannot make decision b. Avoidant-oversensitive to humiliation, rejection, and criticism. Does not partake in social situations c. Obsessive-compulsive-obsession with order and control of situations and events EATING DISORDERS 1. Anorexia Nervosa-persistent loss of appetite from ________________ reasons not organic ones May act unconcerned even though person is emaciated Extreme dieting, never _______ enough More prevalent in Western societies among white middle to upper class women Causes? Mass media? 2. Bulimia-overeating followed by “purges” (self-induced vomiting, laxatives, fasting) Can be a predictor of depression Do not associate pleasure with food Cognitive theory-analyze how person sees themselves and think about food, weight, diets. Must alter faulty self-_________________ Two categories of psychological disorders associated with childhood are externalizing and internalizing Externalizing disorders-affect people in the child’s environment a. Conduct disorders-usually boys who demonstrate lack of obedience to authority figures, act ___________________ b. ADHD-problems concentrating, impulsive behavior, deficiency in NT dopamine? Controversial, over diagnosed? Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall) Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Evidence shows that behavioral therapy, eating a healthy diet, getting plenty of exercise and sleep, and making other smart lifestyle choices can help you or your child effectively manage the symptoms of ADD/ADHD. Internalizing disorders-children isolate themselves, depression and anxiety a. Separation anxiety disorder-fear of being left behind or abandoned, fear of being lost, “______________” to parents PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (3) 1. Autism-impoverished ability to “read” other people, hard to use language, trouble socially interacting with others. No “theory of __________” Socially isolated Head-banging Appears early in life, Genetic? No cure Asperger syndrome-less form of Autism. Mirror Neurons?? 2. Dyslexia-abnormalities in brain’s language processing English language? Arbitrarily defined group that is lower at reading skills Pleading INSANITY! The word insanity does not appear in the DSM-IV, it is a legal term. Philippe Pinel Etiology