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What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale 1 copyright cmassengale 2 copyright cmassengale 3 copyright cmassengale 4 copyright cmassengale 5 copyright cmassengale 6 Organisms and Their Environment copyright cmassengale 7 What is Ecology?? • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. • It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. copyright cmassengale 8 Habitat & Niche • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • Niche is an organism’s total way of life copyright cmassengale 9 The Nonliving Environment • Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. • Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. copyright cmassengale 10 The Living Environment • Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. copyright cmassengale 11 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale 12 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale 13 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale 14 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale 15 Levels of Organization copyright cmassengale 16 What are the Simplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System copyright cmassengale 17 Levels of Organization • Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. copyright cmassengale 18 1st Level of Organization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops copyright cmassengale 19 2nd Level of Organization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 20 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 21 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) copyright cmassengale 22 5th Level of Organization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. copyright cmassengale 23 The Biosphere • Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. • The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. copyright cmassengale 24 What level of organization? Organism copyright cmassengale 25 What level of Organization? Community copyright cmassengale 26 What level of Organization? Population copyright cmassengale 27 ECOLOGY The study of living organisms in the natural environment How they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Ecosystem Community + Abiotic environment, interacting © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Community All the populations of the different species living and inter-acting in the same ecosystem 7-spotted lady bird (Adephagia septempunctata) Bean aphids (Aphis fabae) Red ant (Myrmica rubra) and Broom plant (Cytisus scoparius) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Species A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus Population A group of organism of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed The black-veined white butterfly (Aporia crataegi) mating © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Biodiversity The total number of different species in an ecosystem and their relative abundance © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Worcester City Museums Habitat The characteristics of the type of environment where an organism normally lives. (e.g. a stoney stream, a deciduous temperate woodland, Bavarian beer mats) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Energy and organisms Autotrophs Organisms which can synthesise their own complex, energy rich, organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules (e.g. green plants synthesis sugars from CO2 and H2O) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Heterotrophs Organisms who must obtain complex, energy rich, organic compounds form the bodies of other organisms (dead or alive) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Detritivores Heterotrophic organisms who ingest dead organic matter. (e.g. earthworms, woodlice, millipedes) Earth worm (Lumbricus terrestris) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Saprotrophs Heterotrophic organisms who secrete digestive enzymes onto dead organism matter and absorb the digested material. (e.g. fungi, bacteria) Chanterelle (Cantherellus cibarius) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Feeding relationships Predators & prey Herbivory Parasite & host Mutualism Competition Large blue butterfly (Maculinea arion) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS The place of an organism in its environment Niche An organism’s habitat + role + tolerance limits to all limiting factors © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS THE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE G.F. Gause (1934) If two species, with the same niche, coexist in the same ecosystem, then one will be excluded from the community due to intense competition © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Niche The niche of a species consists of: Its role in the ecosystem (herbivore, carnivore, producer etc) Its tolerance limits (e.g. soil pH, humidity) Its requirements for shelter, nesting sites etc etc, all varying through time © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS