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Introduction to Ecology Notes - KEY ___ECOLOGY_________: the study of interactions of organisms with one another & their environment. Every organism has a: ____HABITAT______: where an organism lives _____NICHE________: its role or job in the ecosystem. BIOTIC living things ABIOTIC nonliving things (organisms) (physical factors) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists temperature, soil, rainfall, etc definition examples _D_ 1. Organism a. all of the different populations living in a given area and time. _C_ 2. Population b. all of the areas on earth where organisms live. _A_ 3. Community c. _E_ 4. Ecosystem d. the number of individuals of the same species in the same place at the same time a single living thing _B_ 5. Biosphere e. BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION ORGANISM all of the communities (biotic) and all of the physical factors (abiotic) in an area BIOMES NOTES: Key concept- Biomes are __landbased__, global communities of organisms. Earth has six major biomes. A biome is a major community of __organisms__. 1. Tropical rain forest biomes produce lush forests. – ___warm ____ temperature – Abundant ___ precipitation __ all year 2. Grassland biomes are where the primary plant life is grass. – Temperate grasslands are _ dry __ and __ warm ___ during the summer; most precipitation falls as snow. – ___ Tropical grasslands ____ are warm through the year, with definite dry and rainy seasons 3. Desert biomes are characterized by a very arid climate. – Very __ low ____ amount of precipitation – __ four ___ types: hot, semi-arid, coastal, and cold 4. Temperate forest biomes include deciduous forests and rain forests. – The temperate rain forests have hot summers and cold winters – _ Deciduous _ trees are the dominant plant species. – The temperate rain forests have a long _ wet ___ season and relatively dry summer. – Ferns and moss cover the forest floor 5. The taiga biome is located in cooler northern climates. – Boreal forest – Long winters and __ short _ summers – Small __ amount ________ of precipitation 6. The tundra biome is found in the far northern latitudes with long winters. – Winter last ___ 10 ____ months – Limited __ precipitation ____ – Permafrost Ecological Succession Notes - KEY Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary The gradual replacement of one community by another through natural processes over time. Primary Succession: - Begins in a place ___WITHOUT_________ any ____SOIL________. - Like ____SIDES OF VOLCANOES_______, _____LANDSLIDES_________, _____FLOODING_________ - Starts with living things that don’t need soil, like ____LICHENS______. These are called ____PIONEER SPECIES_____________________________ New soil is formed: - Erosion breaks down rock into _____SMALLER PIECES_______ - Decomposed ___LICHENS_______ add to the soil • Simple plants like ____MOSSES_________ and _____FERNS__________ can grow in the new soil • The soil layer ____THICKENS________, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over • These plants ___DIE__, and they add more ____NUTRIENTS_______ to the soil • Shrubs and ___TREES_______can survive now • _____INSECTS_______, small birds, and ____MAMMALS_______ begin to move in • What was once bare rock now supports a ____VARIETY_____ of life Secondary Succession: • Begins in a place that already has __SOIL___ and was once the __HOME_______ of living organisms • A ___DISTURBANCE________ of some kind changes an ____EXISTING_________community • Occurs ____FASTER______ and has different _____PIONEER_______ species than primary succession • Example: after forest fires Climax Community: • A ___STABLE____ group of plants and animals that is the end _____RESULT___ of the succession process • Does not always mean big trees – ___GRASSES_______ in prairies – ___CACTI_________in deserts Notes: Interactions - KEY Predation • The capturing of prey as a means of maintaining life – One organism benefits – One organism is killed Competition • Competition – A rivalry between organisms for the same resources; The fitness of one of the organisms is lowered by the presence of another. – Limited supply of at least one resource used by both organisms is required • Example: Animals compete for food, mating, or territory and plants can compete for water, food, minerals, sunlight. Symbiotic Relationships • Symbiotic Relationships – Interactions between two or more organisms; Two different species start a relationship (interact) in order to ensure survival – Symbiotic relationships include: 1. Mutualism 2. Parasitism 3. Commensalism Parasitism • Parasitism - One organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed, but is still alive – Parasites take, but give no benefit back to their hosts. – Examples – Tick and a dog, mosquitos and humans, bacterial infections such as a sore throat, amoebic dysentery (protist infection), viruses (flu), landpreys – Can be considered a special case of predation • Because the parasite needs the host to remain alive, it is typically advantageous for the parasite NOT to kill its host Mutualism • Mutualism - Any relationship between two species of organisms that benefits both species. – Examples of Mutualism 1. Pollination 2. Seed Dispersal 3. Lichens Commensalism • Commensalism - Relationship between two species one species benefits from the relationship and the second species is unaffected – Examples of Commensalism • Barnacles and Anemones where Interactions Summary Type of Interaction Predation Organism 1 Organism 2 Is Killed Competition Fitness is Lowered Parasitism Harmed, but Still Alive Mutualism Commensalism “It’s Mutual”; Both Benefit One Benefits & One is Unaffected The Carbon Cycle Carbon • All ____living ___ things are made of carbon!!! - Plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) and sunlight to make their own ___food ___. The carbon becomes part of the plant. - Animals get carbon by eating ___plants____, algae, or other animals that have eaten plants. Carbon Does Not Stay Still – It Is On the Move! 1. In the atmosphere, carbon is in ____ CO2___. 2. Plants use CO2 and sunlight to make their own food. 3. Animals consume plants 4. Plants that die may turn into fossil fuels made of carbon, like __ coal ___ and oil, over millions of years. 5. When humans ____ burn _____ fossil fuels, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as ____ CO2_____. Photosynthesis ● Using light energy, plants combine CO2 from the atmosphere and H20 to form ____ sugar ______ and ______ oxygen ________ in the process of photosynthesis. sunlight Carbon Dioxide + Water → Sugar + Oxygen Respiration ● In respiration, the compounds containing carbon are ________ broken down_____, and CO2 is ___ released______. ● Plants, ______ animals_________, and microorganisms carry out respiration! all Combustion • Most of the CO2 is produced during the process of ____ burning ___________ called combustion. • When compounds containing carbon (wood, coal, or oil) are burned, ____ CO2____ is released. • The use of CO2 by plants during photosynthesis is a much ____slower _______ process. • As a result of the imbalance between these two processes, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is ____ increasing______. Decomposers • When organisms die, decomposers break down the ____ carbon _________ compounds in their bodies, and CO2 is ____ returned ______ to the atmosphere. • During decomposition (decay), other chemicals are also _____ returned ______ to the soil or released into the air. One of these chemicals is ____ nitrogen_______. Review Questions 1. What process uses CO2 and produces oxygen? _________________________________________ 2. What two processes produce carbon dioxide? ___________________________________________ 3. What process produces most of the CO2 in the atmosphere? ___________________________ 4. By what process do decomposers return CO2to the atmosphere? ______________________ The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen • Plants and animals need nitrogen to make ____ protein ________. • The air is about 78% nitrogen, but plants and animals cannot use nitrogen _____ directly _______ from the ____ air ______. • How Do Plants Get Nitrogen? – Special _____ bacteria __________, in the soil and water, must change or “fix” nitrogen gas (N2) into a form that that plants can ___ use _____. – These bacteria are ____ are called _______ nitrogen-fixers. • Nitrogen Fixers have a mutualistic relationship with the plants • The plants provide food and ____ cover ________for the bacteria, and the bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ______ fertilizer _______ for the plant. • How Do Animals Get Nitrogen? – Animals get nitrogen from plants or from other plant- eating animals, in the ___form_______ of protein. – Animals must ___ eat ______ protein to get their nitrogen requirements! We can’t ____ breathe _______ in nitrogen! How is Nitrogen Recycled? ● Nitrogen is recycled by special _____ bacteria ________ that break down the nitrogen compounds (proteins) in _____ dead _______ plants and animals, and in animal wastes. ● If plants do __ not ___ use the nitrogen compounds as fertilizer, special forms of bacteria may _____recycle _______ it. ● These bacteria convert the unused fertilizer into nitrogen __ gas __ and release it into the atmosphere. ● All natural ecosystems ___ depend ___ upon bacteria to keep the nitrogen cycle _____going ___! What Affect Nutrient Cycles? _______ Natural disruptions ___________ volcanic eruptions forest fires landslides and earthquakes living organisms Disruptions caused by _____ humans ____________ poor farming practices burning fossil fuels Review Questions 1. What kinds of organisms are essential for the nitrogen cycle? _____________________________________________________________________ Energy in Ecosystems Notes - KEY Life in an ecosystem requires a source of ___energy___. Producers provide __energy ___ for other organisms in an ecosystem. ___Producers ___- type of organisms that get their energy from non-living resources. o Also called ____autotrophs __ because they make their own food. ___Consumers __- type of organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources. o Also called __heterotrophs ___ because they feed off of different things. Almost all producers obtain energy from ___sunlight___ Food chains and Food Webs ~Food chains and food webs model the __flow ___ of energy in an ecosystem. A __food chain ____ is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships. o Follows the __connection___ between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem. Consumers are not all alike. ___Trophic levels ____ - the nourishment levels in a food chain o ___Primary __ consumers = herbivores that eat producers o ___ Secondary ___ consumers = carnivores that eat herbivores o ___ Tertiary _____ consumers = carnivores that eat secondary consumers o ___ Omnivores _____ consumers = consumers that eat both plants and animals a complex network of feeding relationships. phytoplankton, algae zooplankton, shrimp, sea turtle, parrotfish sponge, jellyfish, triggerfish Ecological Pyramids Arrows point from phytoplankton to sea sponge, zooplankton, shrimp; zooplankton to sea sponge, jellyfish; algae: parrotfish, sea turtle; shrimp: jellyfish, triggerfish; triggerfish: reef shark; parrotfish: reef shark Reef shark _________ Energy ___________ ______Biomass ______ ______ Numbers ________ Instead of representing trophic levels in a food web, an __ecological pyramid ___ can be used. Pyramids of ___energy ___ show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. o As you go up the trophic levels of a pyramid of energy: the energy ___decreases ___ as it is lost as heat energy or used in metabolic processes. Only about __10___ percent of energy is passed on to the next trophic level. __Rule of 10_____- rule that states that only 10% of energy passes on to next level, meaning that there is a 90% loss of energy at each trophic level Pyramids of ___Biomass ____ show the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level. Pyramids of ___Numbers _____ show the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. ** Using the space under each pyramid, correctly label each pyramid above. **