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HUMAN ANATOMY General Anatomy Anatomy as the science of forms, structure and development of the human body. The history of the development of human anatomy; the role of Russian anatomists. Methods of investigation of gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, radiographic anatomy and computered tomography. Anatomical terminology. Basic structural levels of the human body: cells, tissues, organs, structural-functional units of organs, systems of organs, the apparatus, the organism and its integrity. General principles of the organization of the human body: bilateral symmetry, metamery, cranio-caudal gradient. Sagittal, frontal and horizontal sections of the body. Development of the human body from the fertilized egg-cell to the adult form which includes the next stages: prenatal ontogenesis (embryonic, fetal); organization of embryo body (ectoderm, entoderm, dorsal and ventral mesoderm; somites and their components), postnatal ontogenesis. The Locomotion Apparatus The skeletal system The skeleton as a part of the locomotion apparatus. The bone as an organ, it’s function, structure and development. Classification of the bones. Growth of the bones. Dependence of bone development on internal and external factors. Relationship between social and biological factors in the structure of bones. Function, development, structure, variants and anomalies, age peculiarities and the roentgen anatomy of bones: the human axial skeleton and it’s structure; the vertebral column, ribs and sternum; the skull and cranial bones. The appendicular skeleton: the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Similarity and differences in the skeletal structure of the upper and lower limbs. Role of labour and significance of the vertical position of human body during the formation of the skeleton. The skeletal joints The classification of the skeleton joints and their characteristics. Individual, age and sexual factors of the structure and roentgen anatomy of joints. Joints of the vertebral column, connections of the vertebral column with the skull: the vertebral column as a whole. Connections of ribs with the vertebrae and sternum. The thorax. Specific structural and functional features of the vertebral column and the thorax in man in relation to the vertical position of the body. Joints between the cranial bones; the skull as a whole. Influence of external and internal factors on the skull morphogenesis. Joints of the bones of the upper limb. Structural features of the first carpometacarpial joint specific for a man. Joints of the bones of the lower limb. The pelvis as a whole. Dimensions of the female pelvis and their significance. The foot; vaults of the foot. The muscular system. The skeletal muscle, the smooth muscle and the cardiac muscle: peculiarities of their structure and functions. The skeletal muscle as an organ. Development of the muscles, their classifications. Peculiarities of distribution and variations of muscles. Auxiliary apparatus of the muscles. Interrelation between the function and structure of muscles and bones. Development, structure, function and topography of skeletal muscles of the human body. Muscles of the head, of the neck, of the trunk (of the back, of the thorax, of the abdominal wall ), of the pelvis. Muscles of the upper and lower limbs. The sites of weak resistance, their practical significance. Analysis of main position and movement of the body. Specific features of the structure of the locomotive system: that are characteristic of men. The Digestive System The anatomy and development of the oral cavity, teeth, tongue. The pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. The liver and the pancreas. The peritoneum. The basic layers of the digestive tube and the function of each one. The Respiratory System Anatomy and development of the respiratory system. The structure, function and topography of the external nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The pleura. The mediastinum. Mechanism of breathing. The Urinary System The structure, development, function and topography of the urinary organs: the kidneys and urinary tracts (the minor and major calyces, the pelvis, ureters, the urinary bladder, the urethra). The Reproductive System The structure, development, function and topography of the male genital organs: the testes and the epididymis, the vas deferens. The spermatic cord. The seminal vesicles, their ducts and the ejaculator ducts. The prostate, the penis and the scrotum. The structure, development, function and topography of the female genital organs: the ovaries, the uterine tubes, the uterus and the vagina. The external female genitalia. The perineum, male and female. The mammary gland. The Circulatory System General Anatomy of the circulatory system: the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The lesser and the greater circulation. Peculiarities of the blood vessels branching; anastomoses; collateral circulation. The development of blood vessels. The vitteline, placental and pulmonary circulation. Anatomy of the heart: structure, development, function and topography. Arteries and veins of the heart. The pericardium. Age and type anomalies of the heart. The heart maldevelopment. The roentgen anatomy of the heart. Anatomy of the blood vessels: topography, branches, regions of the blood supply, anastomoses, variations of the arteries of the lesser (pulmonary) circuit: the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries, their branching within the lung; and arteries of the greater (systemic) circuit; the aorta, it`s parts; branches of the ascending aorta; branches of the aortic arch; the carotid arteries, the subclavian artery, the axillary artery; arteries of the upper limb; the thoracic aorta and it`s branches; the abdominal aorta and it`s branches; the iliac arteries, arteries of the lower limb . Sites for determination of pulsation and compression of arteries. Regularities of branching of the intraorganic arteries. Structural peculiarities of veins: the venous plexuses, sinuses and cavernous bodies. Topography, tributaries, points of entry, anastomoses, variants and anomalies. Veins of the lesser (pulmonary) circulation: veins of the greater circuit: systems of the superior and inferior vena cava, the portal vein. The Lymphatic System Function, development and structure of the lymphatic system. Relation with the blood circulatory system. Lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks and ducts. The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts. The lymphoepithelial organs. The lymphatic vessels and the regional nodes of the head and neck of the walls and organs of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and of the limbs. Collateral routes of the lymph drainage. The roentgen anatomy of the lymphatic system. The Immunity System The central organs of the immunity system: the red bone marrow and the thymus. The peripheral organs of the immunity system: the tonsils (palatine, lingual, tubal, pharyngeal), the lymph - follicles, the spleen. The Nervous System General characteristics and function of the nervous system, it`s division into parts. The phylo- and ontogenesis of the nervous system. Structural elements of the nervous system. The reflex arch as the basic principle of nervous system activity. The central nervous system: development, structure (external and internal), functional characteristics of nuclei of the gray matter and fibers of the white matter of all parts of the central nervous system: the spinal cord, the spinal ganglia; the spinal cord segment; the brainsimilarity and differences from the spinal cord. The medulla oblongata, the pons and cerebellum, the fourth ventricle; the mesencephalon, diencephalons, the telencephalon (cortex and basal ganglia, the rhinencephalon), the lateral ventricles. The limbic system. The reticular formation of the brain. Conduction tracts of the spinal cord and brain (afferent and efferent). Membranes of the spinal cord and brain, intermembranous spaces. Pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation and it`s drainage. The peripheral nervous system: the spinal nerves, their formation, topography, composition of nerve fibres and the rami. The posterior rami - composition of nerve fibres, topography, region of innervation. The anterior rami – composition of nerve fibres, topography, the principle of the formation of the plexus. The intercostal nerves, their branches, topography; region of innervation. The plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal), sources of their formation, topography, branches, regions of innervation. The cranial nerves: the nuclei, the composition of nerve fibres, branches, topography; region of innervation, relations with other nerves (the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens, the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal nerves). Structural similarity and differences between the cranial and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system: general principles of the structure and functions of the autonomic nervous system. Division into pars. The reflex arc of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system; it`s central and peripheral part. The parasympathetic nervous system, the central portions and peripheral part. Vegetative plexuses in the region of the head and neck, the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. Innervation of the blood vessels. Unity of the autonomic and central nervous system. The organs of special senses: development and structure of the organs of the special senses. The receptor conduction and cortical parts of the analyzer, their functional unity. I.P. Pavlov’s teaching on analyzers. Skin: it’s appendages and derivatives. The organ of vision: structure of the eye, focusing images on the retina, visual pathways. The organ of hearing and balance, development and structure of the ear. Mechanisms of hearing: mechanisms of equilibrium and balance. The organ of olfaction. The organ of taste. The Endocrine System Peculiarities of endocrine glands, structure, relation with the vascular and nervous systems, participation in the neurohumoral regulation. Classification of the endocrine glands, their development, structure, topography, variants and anomalies: the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands, the hypophysis, the epiphysis, the adrenal glands and the paraganglia: the genital glands: the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas. The Integumentary System Layers of the human skin and their structure and function: accessory structures (hair, nails, glands) functions of the human skin: its innervation and blood supply.