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CENTER OF MONTPELLIER PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS UMR Diversity and genome of cultivated plants DGPC IRD - BP 64501 911 av. d’Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 www.dgpc.org Director : Serge HAMON (IRD) Tél : 04 67 41 61 94 - Fax : 04 67 41 62 22 Management : [email protected] - Research : [email protected] Secretary’s office : Tél : 04 67 41 62 21 - Fax : 04 67 41 62 22 Assistant : Jean-Marie PROSPERI (Domaine de Melgueil) Tél : 04 67 29 06 21 - Fax : 04 67 29 39 90 Management : [email protected] Secretary’s office : Tél : 04 67 29 06 07 - Fax : 04 67 29 39 90 Partners : Agro.M - IRD Presentation The joint research unit Diversity and genomes of cultivated plants (UMR-DGPC) is attached to theMontpellier National College of Agriculture (Ensam) and operates joint ventures with the universities of Montpellier II and Nîmes. It involves some fifty parity researchers between the Institute of Development Research (IRD) and the National Institute of Agricultural Research (Inra). The unit is integrated in the combined research institute “Mediterranean and tropical continental biodiversit” and is attached to the “Biology of integrated systems - Agriculture environment” doctoral college. It is also involved in a large number of joint ventures with both developed and developing countries. The researchers are thus directly seconded overseas. The DGPC UMR co-ordinates reearch regarding the history, evolutionary abilities and domestication of cultivated species and wild species related to them in the Mediterranean basin (hard wheat, alfafa, maize, olive tree, palm tree, date tree, sunflower, vine) and in the intertropical zone (Arracacia, coffee trees, yam, maize, cassava, millet, cowpea, Andean palm trees, rice). It is also interested in plant – pathogen relationshipsfor viruses (Rice Yellow Mottle), nematodes (Meloïdogyne, Heterodera), bacteria (cotton plant bacteriosis) and fungi (anthracnoses of berries, fusarioses, rust). These studies are based on major collections of genetic resources, often international references, resulting from sometimes very old programmes of collection and exploration. In this regard, the UMR manages the French collections ofvine (number 1 collection in the world), sunflower, maize and the model species Medicago truncatula. www.montpellier.inra.fr FOOD A G R I C U LT U R E ENVIRONMENT The domestication and selection processes carried out by man generally result in a progressive decrease in genetic diversity. The importance of this evolution varies from one species to another. Thus we observe a severe decrease in the genetic diversity of the cultivated pool in relation to the ancestral pool with hard wheat or the arabica coffee tree, or a relative conservation of the diversity observable in the wild pool, but the contrasted morphologies with alfafa or the cassavas are maintained. The studies conducted try with the most adapted tools and methods to trigger off the principal factors in these evolutions: taking the geographical structuring into account, identifying bottlenecks, measuring imbalances in liaison, exploring the processes of domestication and precision on the phylogenetic organisation of complexes of species (coffee trees, palm trees). The information gathered on these species enables us inter alia to structure the variability available within collections, to optimise their management and to offer an optimum diffusion of these matériels by setting up “core collections”. The UMR is also interested in the recent evolution of the diversity of cultivated species in connection or otherwise with a “wild” gene pool. These studies take into account the influence of various biotic or abiotic factors, new varieties in particular, on evolutionary mechanisms, the recombination between homologous genomes and gene expression control. Often the introduction of new variéties results in a substantial decrease in the diversity of culture through abandoning old varieties and associated cultural practices. However, in some regions of the world (sub-Saharan Africa, Central or South America), farmers maintain a vital diversity and succeed in incorporating recent varieties owing to strategies, a priori empirical, of varietal management and exchanges betwee villages (yam, cassava, millet). The gene flows between varieties or wild species also play a part in the evolution of cultivated diversity, often in a beneficial way in traditional systems of agriculture, by maintaining resistance to certain bio-aggressors (viruses, nematodes). These gene flows are also active in modern systems of agriculture (alfafa, hard wheat and sunflower) or introducing selected genes (or transgenes) into the wild domain may prove to be harmful by modifying the adaptive abilities of wild or self-propagating species. Moreover, some cultivated forms may lose their cultivated characteristics in marginal ecological conditions and revert in part to ‘self-propagating’ phenotypes (“chibbra” millet, “red” rice), substantially diminishing crop quality. Of the characteristics studied, those associated with improving quality (sugars, tannins, glycerides), the typicity of soils and product “traceability” are a significant field of investigation. This applies to basic products like wheat (proteins, sugars) but rises considerably with products that have high added value where the genetic determinants of quality are crucial (vine, coffee, sunflower). Now access to the elementary diversity within the genes themselves or their promoter region and its level of genetic expression opens up a new area of investigation and enables more FOOD A G R I C U LT U R E ENVIRONMENT precise farming of the diversity observable within the species. The quality studied is also affected by the environment, primarily by the bio-aggressors that inhibit plant development (nematodes, fusarioses) or damage the quality of leaves or fruits (rust, bacterioses), if the host-parasite reactions are not controlled. Hence the development of studies that increase our knowledge of the “hypersensitivity” reaction phases that appear in the first hours of infection and the phenomena of pathogens bypassing resistances. The aim of all these studies is to develop new varieties whose agricultural behaviour is predictable and stable and which can be identifiedunambiguously. Setting up this joint research unit has enabled us to bring together a range of skills from several institutes to study the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and topic areas that require both theoretical approaches based on state-ofthe-art methods and reliable experiments. The development of molecular biology techniques nowenables us to base these studies on precise, quality data with levels of accuracy rarely achieved. New areas are being explored: sequencing EST (Expressed Sequences Tags), identification SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) for genes of interest, creating BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) banks, high-performance genotyping protocoles. Keywords Biodiversity ; genetic resources ; gene bank ; collection ; molecular genetic ; genomic ; gene flow ; recombination ; tolerance to diseases ; genetic ressources ; quality. Teams n Management and evolution of genetic variability Dynadiv – Dynamics of diversity n Genomics of coffee trees n Genetics of the sunflower n Genetics of the vine n Physiology and genetics of tropical plant resistance n Activities n Genetic, physiological and molecular bases of resistance to bioaggressors (vine/oidium) n Genetic, physiological and molecular bases of the quality components (cereal/hard wheat ; berry/vine) n Creating and managing varieties for territorialised biological agriculture n Assessing the impact of new varieties (gene flow between cultivated species, related species or post-cultural regrowths: sunflower, cereals) n Evolutionary and dynamic mechanisms in the diversity of temperate cultivated species and their related species (Medicago, hard wheat, sunflower, annual alfafa, vine, maize) n Methodology of varietal creation and varietal innovation (hard wheat, sunflower, maize, soya, vine) n Genomic, biological and IT resources (Medicago, sunflower, vine, cereals)