Download Campbell`s Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al

 Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
9.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following statements best represents the theory of pangenesis developed by
Hippocrates?
A) Pregnancy is a spontaneous event, and the characteristics of the offspring are determined by the gods.
B) Particles called pangenes, which originate in each part of an organism's body, collect in the sperm or
eggs and are passed on to the next generation.
C) Offspring inherit the traits of either the mother or the father, but not both.
D) Heritable traits are influenced by the environment and the behaviors of the parents.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Which of the following statements regarding hypotheses about inheritance is false?
A) The theory of pangenesis incorrectly suggests that reproductive cells receive particles from somatic
cells.
B) Contrary to the theory of pangenesis, somatic cells do not influence eggs or sperm.
C) The blending hypothesis does not explain how traits that disappear in one generation can reappear in
later generations.
D) The blending hypothesis suggests that all of the traits of the offspring come from either the mother or
the father.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on
A) peas.
B) roses.
C) guinea pigs.
D) fruit flies.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are
referred to as
A) hybrids.
B) the F2 generation.
C) monohybrid crosses.
D) true-breeding.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
1
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5) Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?
A) The offspring of two different varieties are called hybrids.
B) The parental plants of a cross are the P generation.
C) The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.
D) The hybrid offspring of an F1 cross are the F2 generation.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) A monohybrid cross is
A) the second generation of a self-fertilized plant.
B) a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only one trait in common.
C) a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character.
D) a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only one prominent trait.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false?
A) The genetic makeup of an organism constitutes its genotype.
B) An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
C) Alleles are alternate forms of a gene.
D) The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) Research since Mendel's time has established that the law of the segregation of genes during gamete
formation
A) applies to all forms of life.
B) applies to all sexually reproducing organisms.
C) applies to all asexually reproducing organisms.
D) is invalid.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have
black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is ________ the allele for orange eyes.
A) codominant to
B) recessive to
C) more aggressive than
D) dominant to
Answer: D
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2
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10) All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have
black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendeliens?
A) 3 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
B) 0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
C) 1 black-eyed:3 orange-eyed
D) 1 black-eyed:0 orange-eyed
Answer: B
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
11) The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes.
A) the same locus on non-homologous
B) different loci on homologous
C) different loci on non-homologous
D) the same locus on homologous
Answer: D
Topic: 9.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to
be
A) 1:2:1.
B) 3:1.
C) 9:1:1:3.
D) 9:3:3:1.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross:
AaBb × AaBb?
A) 16:0:0:0
B) 8:4:2:2
C) 1:1:1:1
D) 9:3:3:1
Answer: D
Topic: 9.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
14) Mendel's law of independent assortment states that
A) chromosomes sort independently of each other during mitosis and meiosis.
B) independent sorting of genes produces polyploid plants under some circumstances.
C) each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
D) genes are sorted concurrently during gamete formation.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3
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15) Imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that three of the puppies
are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA
(progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that
A) both of the parents are homozygous for both traits.
B) the same alleles that control coat color can also cause PRA.
C) the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation.
D) the alleles for color and vision segregate dependently during gamete formation.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
16) A testcross is
A) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for
the trait of interest.
B) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual heterozygous for the trait of
interest.
C) a mating between two individuals heterozygous for the trait of interest.
D) a mating between two individuals of unknown genotype.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or a 6?
A) 1/6 × 1/6 = 1/36
B) 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
C) 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/3
D) 1/6
Answer: B
Topic: 9.7
Skill: Application/Analysis
18) Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male
child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child will be female and that their
second-born child will be male?
A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
Answer: B
Topic: 9.7
Skill: Application/Analysis
4
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19) Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness.
Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus,
associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?
A) DD and dd
B) dd and dd
C) Dd and Dd
D) Dd and DD
Answer: C
Topic: 9.8
Skill: Application/Analysis
20) A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to
transmit it to offspring.
A) heterozygous for the trait and able
B) heterozygous for the trait and unable
C) homozygous for the trait and able
D) homozygous for the trait and unable
Answer: A
Topic: 9.9
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by
A) multiple alleles.
B) recessive alleles.
C) a mutation that occurs in the egg, sperm, or zygote.
D) dominant alleles.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.9
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were
A) both affected by the disease.
B) not affected at all by the disease.
C) slightly affected by the disease, showing some but not all of the symptoms.
D) subjected to some environmental toxin that caused the disease in their children.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.9
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5
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23) Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are
less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders?
A) Lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles are usually more severe than lethal disorders caused by
recessive alleles.
B) Unlike lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles, lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles
usually cause the death of the embryo.
C) Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce,
whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce.
D) The presence of a lethal dominant allele causes sterility.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.9
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ________ and ________ of the fetus so that
it can be tested for abnormalities.
A) imaging . . . karyotyping
B) sexing . . . imaging
C) karyotyping . . . biochemical testing
D) direct observation . . . biochemical testing
Answer: C
Topic: 9.10
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Which of the following statements regarding prenatal testing is false?
A) Results from chorionic villus sampling come faster than from amniocentesis.
B) Chorionic villus sampling is typically performed later in the pregnancy than amniocentesis.
C) Ultrasound imaging has no known risk.
D) Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are usually reserved for pregnancies with higher than
usual risks of complications.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.10
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Which of the following statements regarding genetic testing is false?
A) Genetic testing before birth requires the collection of fetal cells.
B) Carrier testing helps determine if a person carries a potentially harmful disorder.
C) The screening of newborns can catch inherited disorders right after birth.
D) Most human genetic diseases are treatable if caught early.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.10
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) For most sexually reproducing organisms, Mendel's laws
A) cannot strictly account for the patterns of inheritance of many traits.
B) explain the reasons why certain genes are dominant.
C) help us understand the global geographic patterns of genetic disease.
D) clarify the phenomenon of incomplete dominance.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.11
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6
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28) All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink
flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele for white flowers.
A) dominant
B) codominant
C) incompletely dominant
D) recessive
Answer: C
Topic: 9.11
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
29) Imagine that beak color in a finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch
homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and
get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is
most likely to be an example of
A) incomplete dominance.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) polygenic inheritance.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.11
Skill: Application/Analysis
30) Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans?
A) sickle-cell disease
B) hypercholesterolemia
C) skin color
D) ABO blood groups
Answer: B
Topic: 9.11
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates
A) incomplete dominance.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) polygenic inheritance.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.12
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of
A) incomplete dominance.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) polygenic inheritance.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.12
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7
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33) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Incomplete dominance supports the blending hypothesis.
B) The four blood types result from various combinations of the three different ABO alleles.
C) ABO blood groups can provide evidence of paternity.
D) The impact of a single gene on more than one character is called pleiotropy.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.11, 9.12, 9.13
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Which of the following statements regarding sickle-cell disease is false?
A) Persons who are heterozygous for sickle-cell disease are also resistant to malaria.
B) Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
C) All of the symptoms of sickle-cell disease result from the actions of just one allele.
D) About one in ten African-Americans is a carrier of sickle-cell disease.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.13
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) Sickle-cell disease is an example of
A) codominance and pleiotropy.
B) multiple alleles, pleiotropy, and blended inheritance.
C) codominance and multiple alleles.
D) multiple alleles and pleiotropy.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.13
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) Which of the following terms refers to a situation where a single phenotypic character is determined
by the additive effects of two or more genes?
A) incomplete dominance
B) codominance
C) pleiotropy
D) polygenic inheritance
Answer: D
Topic: 9.14
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) Which of the following is essentially the opposite of pleiotropy?
A) incomplete dominance
B) codominance
C) multiple alleles
D) polygenic inheritance
Answer: D
Topic: 9.14
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8
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38) The individual features of all organisms are the result of
A) genetics.
B) the environment.
C) the environment and individual needs.
D) genetics and the environment.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.15
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) The chromosome theory of inheritance states that
A) chromosomes that exhibit mutations are the source of genetic variation.
B) the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for patterns of inheritance.
C) the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
D) humans have 46 chromosomes.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.16
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ________ genes and
generally ________.
A) linked . . . sort independently during meiosis
B) homologous . . . are inherited together
C) linked . . . do not sort independently during meiosis
D) codependent . . . do not sort independently during meiosis
Answer: C
Topic: 9.17
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
41) Linked genes generally
A) do not follow the laws of independent assortment.
B) show incomplete dominance.
C) reflect a pattern of codominance.
D) show pleiotropy.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.17
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
42) You conduct a dihybrid cross. A ________ ratio would make you suspect that the genes are linked.
A) 3:1
B) 1:1:1:1
C) 12:1:1:4
D) 9:3:3:1
Answer: C
Topic: 9.17
Skill: Application/Analysis
9
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43) Crossing over ________ genes into assortments of ________ not found in the parents.
A) recombines unlinked . . . genes
B) recombines linked . . . alleles
C) combines unlinked . . . alleles
D) combines linked . . . genes
Answer: B
Topic: 9.18
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) The mechanism that "breaks" the linkage between linked genes is
A) pleiotropy.
B) codominance.
C) independent assortment.
D) crossing over.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.18
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a
chromosome?
A) the frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other
B) the frequencies of mutations in the genes
C) the frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father
D) the frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring
Answer: D
Topic: 9.19
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?
A) two Y chromosomes
B) two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome
C) one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
D) one Y chromosome
Answer: C
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) The sex chromosome complement of a normal human female is
A) XO.
B) XX.
C) XY.
D) YY.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Application/Analysis
10
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48) How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: A
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) How is sex determined in most ants and bees?
A) by the X-Y system
B) by the Z-W system
C) by the number of chromosomes
D) by the size of the sex chromosome
Answer: C
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
50) Given the sex determination system in bees, we can expect that
A) female bees will produce eggs by meiosis, while male bees will produce sperm by mitosis.
B) female bees will produce eggs by mitosis, while male bees will produce sperm by meiosis.
C) male and female bees will produce sperm and eggs by meiosis.
D) male and female bees will produce sperm and eggs by mitosis.
Answer: A
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Application/Analysis
51) What is meant by the statement that "male bees are fatherless"?
A) Male bees don't play a role in the rearing of bee young.
B) Male bees are produced by budding.
C) Male bees develop from unfertilized eggs.
D) The queen bee's mate dies before the male eggs hatch.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.20
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) Any gene located on a sex chromosome
A) is called a recessive gene.
B) is called a sex-linked gene.
C) will exhibit pleiotropy.
D) will exhibit codominance.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.21
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11
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53) Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a female fruit fly
because
A) males are haploid.
B) the male's phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
C) the male chromosome is more fragile than the female chromosome.
D) the male chromosome is more susceptible to mutations.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.21
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) A color-blind woman marries a man who is not color-blind. All of their sons, but none of their
daughters, are color-blind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results?
A) The gene for color vision is incompletely dominant to the gene for sex determination.
B) The gene for color vision is codominant with the gene for sex determination.
C) The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome.
D) The gene for color vision is found on the Y chromosome.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.22
Skill: Application/Analysis
55) Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because
A) men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.
B) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
C) the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
D) the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which
determines maleness.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.22
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) According to scientists, about what percentage of men currently living in Central Asia may be
descended from the Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan?
A) 4%
B) 8%
C) 25%
D) 40%
Answer: B
Topic: 9.23
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Female inheritance patterns cannot be analyzed by simply studying the X chromosome because
A) the X chromosome is too large to analyze effectively
B) the X chromosome sometimes exchanges genetic information with the Y chromosome
C) the X chromosome is obtained from both father and mother.
D) one X chromosome is deactivated in females.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.23
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12
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9.2 Art Questions
1) Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous?
A) purple-flowered plants in the P generation
B) white-flowered plants in the P generation
C) purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
D) purple-flowered plants in the F2 generation
Answer: C
Topic: 9.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
13
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2) According to this figure, heterozygotes for this form of hypercholesterolemia suffer from the disease
because they
A) produce an abnormally shaped LDL receptor.
B) don't produce any LDL receptors.
C) produce too many LDL receptors.
D) don't produce enough LDL receptors.
Answer: D
Topic: 9.11
Skill: Application/Analysis
14
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9.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow.
A woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. At a fertility clinic, they
discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. Using modern technologies, some of her eggs are
removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is
successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type O. The woman
claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither
parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also color-blind.
1) As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents that
A) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since the baby's blood type has to match one of his
parents.
B) each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood.
C) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since a type A parent and a type B parent can have
any type children except O.
D) it is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele.
Answer: B
Topic: 9.12
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
2) In regard to the baby's color blindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that
A) color blindness often appears randomly, even if neither parent is color-blind.
B) the baby's father must have a recessive allele for color blindness.
C) since color blindness is sex-linked, a son can inherit color blindness if his mother has the recessive
color blindness allele.
D) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since males inherit sex-linked traits only from their
fathers.
Answer: C
Topic: 9.22
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15
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