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Benchmark 3 Science Study Guide
Weather & Geology
S6E5 A-Crust, Mantle, Core
1. What happens to the temperature as you travel to the center of the Earth?
The temp increases or gets hotter
2. What happens to the density as you travel to the center of the Earth?
The density increases
3. Put the layers of Earth’s interior in order from highest to lowest temperature.
Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
4. The thickest layer of Earth’s interior is the mantle ; the thinnest layer is the crust.
5. What is the composition of each layer?
Continental Crust: granite Outer Core: liquid iron and nickel
Oceanic Crust: basalt
Inner Core: mostly iron, and solid
Mantle: iron, magnesium, hot rock
6. What mechanical layer is composed of the crust and upper mantle?
lithosphere
7. What mechanical layer does the lithosphere ride/move on top of?
asthenosphere
8. Why do lithospheric plates constantly move? because of heat and convection currents in the mantle
9. Why is the inner core solid? Because of the pressure
10. Label the layers of Earth’s Interior.
S6E5 A
2
1
4
3
1. Crust
2. Inner core 3. Mantle
4. Outer core
11. Identify the bar for each layer of Earth’s interior.
A= crust
B= mantle
C= inner core
Name ________________________________________ Date __________________ Class _______
S6E5e/f Lithospheric Plate Movement/Geologic features
12. Name the plate movement associated with each picture below
a.
b.
divergent
c.
convergent
convergent with subduction
d.
transform
13. What geological features are created at convergent boundaries?
Mountains (2 continental plates), trenches (oceanic and oceanic plate),
volcanoes (continental and oceanic plate)
14. What geological features are created at divergent boundaries?
Sea floor spreading- makes mid ocean ridges (2 oceanic plates dividing)
Rift valley (2 continental plates dividing)
15. What geological event takes place at transform boundaries?
Major earthquakes
16. What geological features are created at convergent boundaries with subduction?
Volcanic islands, volcanoes, trenches
17. What causes plate tectonic movement?
Convection currents and heat
18. What are plates that move beneath another plate called? Why does this occur?
Subduction… it happens because one plate is more dense than the other plate.
19. What is the Theory of Continental Drift? Who is responsible for this theory?
All the continents were once all together and then they drifted apart and Alfred Wegner is responsible
for this theory.
Name ________________________________________ Date __________________ Class _______
20. List 3 examples of evidence that supported Continental Drift Theory.
Fossils, climate change, rocks, the shape of the continents.
S6E5g Fossils
21. What is the law of superposition?
Fossils and rock layers are older at the bottom and younger at the top layers
22. What are 2 examples of fossil evidence that supports climate change?
The warm weather fern (Glossopteris) fossil was found on Antarctica.
Australia use to be in the arctic regions, now it is closer to the equator.
23. What are 2 examples of fossil evidence that supports the changing of Earth’s surface?
The fresh water reptile (Mesosaurus) and the same rocks were found on different continents, AND
Providence Canyon was once under water.
24. What is weathering?
The breaking down of rock
25. What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering?
Physical weathering changes the size and the shape and chemical weathering changes the chemical
composition and the mineral composition
26. How was the Grand Canyon formed?
Erosion by running water (Colorado River)
27. What are the 4 agents (forms) of erosion?
Water, wind, ice, gravity…. Glaciers, waves
28. Name 3 different types of physical weathering?
Ice wedging, root action, abrasion
29. What is oxidation? Is it physical or chemical weathering?
When oxygen, water, and iron mix it makes rust and it is chemical weathering
30. How is the Earth’s surface changed over time?
By weathering, erosion, deposition
Weather Review
31. What are the 3 types of heat transfer?
Radiation, conduction, convection
32. Describe each type of heat transfer.
Radiation- Heat travels in the forms of waves through a vacuum.
Conduction- Heat travels by touch or contact from one object to another object.
Convection- Heat travels in circular pattern, warm air rises and cold air sinks.
Name ________________________________________ Date __________________ Class _______
33. Why does land and water absorb heat at different rates?
Because land heats up faster than water and land cools down faster than water.
34. Which heats up faster?
Land
Which cools faster?
Land
35. What causes wind?
The unequal heating of the earth, change in pressure, wind blows from high pressure to low pressure
36. Describe convection currents.
The movement of liquids or gases in a circular motion- when a hot, less dense air rises, cold; more
dense air sinks.
37. Describe each of the global winds and pressure bands. (Polar Easterlies, Prevailing Westerlies, Trade
Winds and Horse Latitudes, Doldrums)
Polar easterlies- travel between 90 degrees to 60 degrees- moves from H to L in both hemispheres
Prevailing Westerlies- travel between 60 degrees-30 degree- moves from H to L in both hemispheres
Trade Winds- travel between 30 degrees-0 degrees- moves from H to L in both hemispheres
Horse Latitudes- an area of High pressure that happens at 30 degrees in both hemispheres
Doldrums- an area of low pressure that happens around the equator.
38. Draw and describe what happens in a cold front?
Cold air mass moves in and pushes the warm air mass up
39. What type of clouds form when a cold front occurs?
Cumulonimbus clouds
40. What triggers/causes thunderstorms and tornadoes?
Cold front- warm air being pushed up to cause cumulonimbus clouds
41. What causes the most damage during a hurricane?
The thunderstorm bands can cause a lot of damage with wind and heavy rain
Name ________________________________________ Date __________________ Class _______
42. What is the fuel or energy of a hurricane?
Warm ocean water
43. Where do most hurricanes that hit the Eastern United States form?
In the Atlantic Ocean that is close to the equator.
44. How do hurricanes and tornadoes differ?
Tornadoes form on land and hurricanes form in warm ocean water
45. Draw and label the parts of a hurricane.