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Happy
Tuesday
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1. Physical properties of a mineral
are predominantly related to
1.
the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and
amount of space available for growth.
2.
the chemical composition and the internal arrangement
of the atoms that make up the mineral.
3.
crystal form, hardness, cleavage and fracture, and
density.
4.
all of the above.
2. The color of a mineral is predominantly
related to:
A. its chemical composition.
B. its internal arrangement of atoms.
C. its luster.
D. temperature and pressure conditions at the
time of crystallization.
3. The silicates are the most common and
abundant mineral group, because silicon and
oxygen are:
A.
the hardest elements on Earth’s surface.
B.
the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
C.
found in the mineral quartz.
D.
formed in a tetrahedral structure.
4. The property of a mineral to break
along planes of weakness is referred to
as
A) cleavage.
B) hardness.
C) fracture.
D) bond strength.
8) Mohs scale is based on minerals
that have different
A) cleavage directions.
B) colors.
C) hardnesses.
D) shapes.
1. Physical properties of a mineral
are predominantly related to
1.
the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and
amount of space available for growth.
2.
the chemical composition and the internal arrangement
of the atoms that make up the mineral.
3.
crystal form, hardness, cleavage and fracture, and
density.
4.
all of the above.
2. The color of a mineral is predominantly
related to:
A. its chemical composition.
B. its internal arrangement of atoms.
C. its luster.
D. temperature and pressure conditions at the
time of crystallization.
3. The silicates are the most common and
abundant mineral group, because silicon and
oxygen are:
A.
the hardest elements on Earth’s surface.
B.
the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
C.
found in the mineral quartz.
D.
formed in a tetrahedral structure.
4. The property of a mineral to break
along planes of weakness is referred to
as
A) cleavage.
B) hardness.
C) fracture.
D) bond strength.
8) Mohs scale is based on minerals
that have different
A) cleavage directions.
B) colors.
C) hardnesses.
D) shapes.
Today
 Salt crystal ACT
 The Rock cycle
 Rock types ACT
Thursday
 Finish Rock
cycle PP
 Lab # 3 Rock
types
The Formation of Minerals
Minerals crystallize systematically based on their respective
melting points.
— The first minerals to crystallize from a magma are those
with the highest melting point and the lowest amount of
silica.
— The last minerals to crystallize from a magma are those
with lower melting points and higher amounts of silica.
Feldspars and
quartz
This is a rock
ROCK: Naturally
occurring
mixture of
minerals
How to Describe Rocks…
Photo: E. Puris
APPEARANCE OF A ROCK defined by 1) color;
2) mineralogy; 3) size of crystals
Source: Tom Bean
Sediment
Rock fragments, shells, etc….
Bedrock
Hand Sample
Outcrop
Geologic Map of Oregon
Source: USGS
Three Rock Types
Igneous rocks
 Formed by the
solidification of
magma
 Distinguished
from each other
using:
• Texture
• Grain size
• Composition
Igneous Rock Texture
Aphanitic- too small to see
(sugar cookies)
Porphyriticboth large
grains and
groundmass
(chocolate
chip cookie)
Phaneritic- Large interlocking
grains (rice crispy treat)
IGNEOUS ROCKS GRAIN SIZE:
-Extrusive: cool above ground (tiny crystals)
-Intrusive: cool below ground (large crystals)
Igneous Rock Composition
Name
(Color light to dark)
Felsic- Light
Silica content
(SiO2)
Magnesium oxide, Iron
oxide content
(MgO), (FeO)
High (>65%)
Low
Intermediate
Intermediate
Low
High
Very low (<40%)
High
Granite (Explosive, ash,
pyroclastic volcanoes)
Intermediate- diorite
(Subduction zone
volcanoes)
Mafic-Dark
Basalt (Slow flowing lava;
Hawaii volcanoes)
Ultramafic- Very
Dark peridotite (mantle)
Hawaii
 Felsic or
Mafic?
 Intrusive or
extrusive?
 Texture?
Mt St
Helens
 Felsic or
Mafic?
 Intrusive or
extrusive?
 Texture?
Solidified Lava Flow
This is an example
of an:
1.
Intrusive igneous
rock
2.
Extrusive igneous
rock
3.
Sediment
Volcanic Rocks in the PNW
Frozen Magma Chambers in
California are:
1.
Intrusive
igneous rocks
2.
Extrusive
igneous rocks
3.
Sediment
Igneous Rocks
Granite
Andesite
Basalt
Global Distribution of Igneous
Rocks
Sedimentary Rock
 Cemented
fragments of
sediment
(clastic)
or
 Precipitation
of a mineral
(chemical)
 Only
type of
rock to
contain
fossils
Where do
you find
sediment?
Modern
Mississippi
Delta
Source: World Perspectives/Gamma
Strata and Bedding
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: result
from surface processes
(weathering, erosion,
precipitation of dissolved
minerals)
Sedimentary Rocks
Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
Distribution
of
sedimentary
rock
Metamorphic Rock
 Sedimentary
or igneous
rock changed
by pressure,
temperature
or both
 Foliated
 Non
foliated
Strata can be tilted….
Strata can be folded…
Formation of METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Marble
Gneiss
Mountain Building Creates
Metamorphic Rocks
Distribution
of
Metamorphic
Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Heat &
Pressure
Magma
Melting
Sediments
Burial, Compression
&Lithification
Melting
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rock
Heat &
Pressure