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The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Large Hadron Collider - the World’s Largest Microscope Rahul Basu August 13, 2008 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues 1 The Large Hadron Collider Need for a Collider 2 The Structure of Matter The Fundamental Particles 3 The Four Forces 4 Final Picture 5 The LHC The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors 6 Theory Issues The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider ⇓ An enormous particle accelerator due to become operational in August 2008 that will collide beams of protons at an energy of 14 TeV (and eventually lead nuclei of energy 1150 TeV). Figure: 27 km circumference ring TeV: Unit of energy used in particle physics ' 1.6 ergs – about the energy of a flying mosquito – but squeezed into a space a billion (million million) times smaller. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider ⇓ An enormous particle accelerator due to become operational in August 2008 that will collide beams of protons at an energy of 14 TeV (and eventually lead nuclei of energy 1150 TeV). Figure: 27 km circumference ring TeV: Unit of energy used in particle physics ' 1.6 ergs – about the energy of a flying mosquito – but squeezed into a space a billion (million million) times smaller. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider CERN – where the Web was born CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research, the world’s largest particle physics centre sitting astride the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. CERN is a laboratory where scientists unite to study the building blocks of matter and the forces that hold them together. CERN exists primarily to provide them with the necessary tools. These are accelerators, which accelerate particles to almost the speed of light and detectors to make the particles visible. (It is also where the World Wide Web was born!) The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider LHC - machine and experiments The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Need for a Collider But why do we need to build this collider. . . LHC ⇒ a voyage of discovery that began in the late 19th century with the discovery of radioactivity and subsequently, alpha, beta, gamma rays, X rays, and many new particles as the fundamental building blocks of nature.(Tevatron, LEP, SPS, HERA, SLAC, . . . ) Today we know what these particles are but along the way many new questions have arisen which need to be answered (along the way, many of these discoveries have also given us TV’s, computers, medical imaging devices, . . . ) The LHC is built to answer many of these new questions as we stand on the threshold of this new century. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Need for a Collider But why do we need to build this collider. . . LHC ⇒ a voyage of discovery that began in the late 19th century with the discovery of radioactivity and subsequently, alpha, beta, gamma rays, X rays, and many new particles as the fundamental building blocks of nature.(Tevatron, LEP, SPS, HERA, SLAC, . . . ) Today we know what these particles are but along the way many new questions have arisen which need to be answered (along the way, many of these discoveries have also given us TV’s, computers, medical imaging devices, . . . ) The LHC is built to answer many of these new questions as we stand on the threshold of this new century. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Need for a Collider But why do we need to build this collider. . . LHC ⇒ a voyage of discovery that began in the late 19th century with the discovery of radioactivity and subsequently, alpha, beta, gamma rays, X rays, and many new particles as the fundamental building blocks of nature.(Tevatron, LEP, SPS, HERA, SLAC, . . . ) Today we know what these particles are but along the way many new questions have arisen which need to be answered (along the way, many of these discoveries have also given us TV’s, computers, medical imaging devices, . . . ) The LHC is built to answer many of these new questions as we stand on the threshold of this new century. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Need for a Collider The Need for a Collider But why do we need to build this collider. . . LHC ⇒ a voyage of discovery that began in the late 19th century with the discovery of radioactivity and subsequently, alpha, beta, gamma rays, X rays, and many new particles as the fundamental building blocks of nature.(Tevatron, LEP, SPS, HERA, SLAC, . . . ) Today we know what these particles are but along the way many new questions have arisen which need to be answered (along the way, many of these discoveries have also given us TV’s, computers, medical imaging devices, . . . ) The LHC is built to answer many of these new questions as we stand on the threshold of this new century. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles But why study the structure of Matter? Universe is built up of building blocks (elementary particles) All these particles existed in the short time just after the Big Bang but no longer. . . Can only be created in high energy particle collisions Studying particle collisions ⇒ looking back in time, recreating the environment present at the origin of our Universe. What for – to understand the formation of stars, earth, trees, everything you see around and, finally, us! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles Let’s start at the very beginning. . . Everything in the Universe is built up of basic building blocks called elementary particles Matter ⇒ atoms ⇒ electrons and nucleus ⇒ protons and neutrons ⇒ quarks The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles The Structure of Matter We have just met our very first elementary particles – the electron, and two types of quarks (u, d). There is one more, a (almost) massless particle the neutrino ν. It plays a vital role in reactions that convert neutrons to protons and vice versa. Such reactions allow matter to stay in the stable form we observe and are also important in fuelling the Sun and the other stars. These four particles are all we need to build the ordinary matter we see around us!!! In fact, there are less “ordinary” forms of matter that exist which we can’t see: cosmic matter coming from space, high energy matter that we create in our laboratory and the “mirror image” of all of it, antimatter. To include them in the picture, we need a more general description and more particles. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles The Structure of Matter We have just met our very first elementary particles – the electron, and two types of quarks (u, d). There is one more, a (almost) massless particle the neutrino ν. It plays a vital role in reactions that convert neutrons to protons and vice versa. Such reactions allow matter to stay in the stable form we observe and are also important in fuelling the Sun and the other stars. These four particles are all we need to build the ordinary matter we see around us!!! In fact, there are less “ordinary” forms of matter that exist which we can’t see: cosmic matter coming from space, high energy matter that we create in our laboratory and the “mirror image” of all of it, antimatter. To include them in the picture, we need a more general description and more particles. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles The Structure of Matter We have just met our very first elementary particles – the electron, and two types of quarks (u, d). There is one more, a (almost) massless particle the neutrino ν. It plays a vital role in reactions that convert neutrons to protons and vice versa. Such reactions allow matter to stay in the stable form we observe and are also important in fuelling the Sun and the other stars. These four particles are all we need to build the ordinary matter we see around us!!! In fact, there are less “ordinary” forms of matter that exist which we can’t see: cosmic matter coming from space, high energy matter that we create in our laboratory and the “mirror image” of all of it, antimatter. To include them in the picture, we need a more general description and more particles. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles The Structure of Matter We have just met our very first elementary particles – the electron, and two types of quarks (u, d). There is one more, a (almost) massless particle the neutrino ν. It plays a vital role in reactions that convert neutrons to protons and vice versa. Such reactions allow matter to stay in the stable form we observe and are also important in fuelling the Sun and the other stars. These four particles are all we need to build the ordinary matter we see around us!!! In fact, there are less “ordinary” forms of matter that exist which we can’t see: cosmic matter coming from space, high energy matter that we create in our laboratory and the “mirror image” of all of it, antimatter. To include them in the picture, we need a more general description and more particles. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles The Structure of Matter We have just met our very first elementary particles – the electron, and two types of quarks (u, d). There is one more, a (almost) massless particle the neutrino ν. It plays a vital role in reactions that convert neutrons to protons and vice versa. Such reactions allow matter to stay in the stable form we observe and are also important in fuelling the Sun and the other stars. These four particles are all we need to build the ordinary matter we see around us!!! In fact, there are less “ordinary” forms of matter that exist which we can’t see: cosmic matter coming from space, high energy matter that we create in our laboratory and the “mirror image” of all of it, antimatter. To include them in the picture, we need a more general description and more particles. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles Structure of Matter Observations of cosmic rays and particle tracks in accelerators have uncovered many more particles – muon, tau particle, their corresponding neutrinos and many heavy particles which are not fundamental but made up of heavy quarks. And finally there is anti-matter, the “mirror image” of ordinary matter The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles Anti-Matter Matter and antimatter are perfect opposites; for each of the basic particles of matter, there exists an antiparticle, in which properties such as the electric charge are reversed. When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other, creating energy (2mc 2 - 1 gm ∼ 107 MJ ∼ 2kt TNT) which reappears as photons or other particle-antiparticle pairs. Puzzle: When the universe was formed - equal amounts of matter and anti-matter (Baryon Symmetric Universe) today there is virtually none. . . need a mechanism of baryon number violation The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles Anti-Matter Matter and antimatter are perfect opposites; for each of the basic particles of matter, there exists an antiparticle, in which properties such as the electric charge are reversed. When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other, creating energy (2mc 2 - 1 gm ∼ 107 MJ ∼ 2kt TNT) which reappears as photons or other particle-antiparticle pairs. Puzzle: When the universe was formed - equal amounts of matter and anti-matter (Baryon Symmetric Universe) today there is virtually none. . . need a mechanism of baryon number violation The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Fundamental Particles Anti-Matter Matter and antimatter are perfect opposites; for each of the basic particles of matter, there exists an antiparticle, in which properties such as the electric charge are reversed. When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other, creating energy (2mc 2 - 1 gm ∼ 107 MJ ∼ 2kt TNT) which reappears as photons or other particle-antiparticle pairs. Puzzle: When the universe was formed - equal amounts of matter and anti-matter (Baryon Symmetric Universe) today there is virtually none. . . need a mechanism of baryon number violation The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Matter Fundamental particles bind together to form structures on all scales. Hadrons ⇒ Baryons Mesons ⇒ qqq qq̄ Protons and Neutrons (baryons – qqq) bind ⇒ atoms and molecules ⇒ liquids and solids ⇒ huge conglomerations of matter in stars and galaxies. They do this through forces The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues . . . and the four forces Gravity(10−40 ) – the most familiar Electromagnetic(10−2 ) – which manifests itself in the effects of electricity and magnetism. Weak(10−7 ) – leads to the decay of neutrons (which underlies many natural occurrences of radioactivity) and allows the conversion of a proton into a neutron (responsible for hydrogen burning in the centre of stars). Strong(1) – holds quarks together within protons, neutrons and other particles. It also prevents the protons in the nucleus from flying apart under the influence of the repulsive electrical force between them (they all have positive charge!). Each of these has its own “carrier” particle! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Final Picture The work (theoretical and experimental) of thousands of physicists over more than a century have resulted in what is called the “Standard Model” of Particle physics consisting of 12 matter particles and 4 types of force carriers. Two matter families–quarks and leptons Six quarks and six leptons–organised in three families each The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Final Picture The work (theoretical and experimental) of thousands of physicists over more than a century have resulted in what is called the “Standard Model” of Particle physics consisting of 12 matter particles and 4 types of force carriers. Two matter families–quarks and leptons Six quarks and six leptons–organised in three families each The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Final Picture “Three generations” – all second and third generation particles are unstable and decay quickly into first generation ones. That is why first generation particles are the only ones we observe in our daily lives. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Final Picture The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model The Standard Model is currently the best description of the world of quarks, leptons and other particles. However it leaves many questions unanswered. . . What is the origin of mass of the particles? Masses⇒Higgs mechanism⇒ Higgs particle→last and perhaps most important missing part of the Standard Model The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model The Standard Model is currently the best description of the world of quarks, leptons and other particles. However it leaves many questions unanswered. . . What is the origin of mass of the particles? Masses⇒Higgs mechanism⇒ Higgs particle→last and perhaps most important missing part of the Standard Model The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model The Standard Model is currently the best description of the world of quarks, leptons and other particles. However it leaves many questions unanswered. . . What is the origin of mass of the particles? Masses⇒Higgs mechanism⇒ Higgs particle→last and perhaps most important missing part of the Standard Model The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More. . . Can the electroweak and strong forces be unified? The SM unifies weak and electromagnetism but we expect the strong force to be unified with the electroweak at thousand million times present day accelerator energies (Grand Unified Theories). The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More. . . Can the electroweak and strong forces be unified? The SM unifies weak and electromagnetism but we expect the strong force to be unified with the electroweak at thousand million times present day accelerator energies (Grand Unified Theories). The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More. . . Can the electroweak and strong forces be unified? The SM unifies weak and electromagnetism but we expect the strong force to be unified with the electroweak at thousand million times present day accelerator energies (Grand Unified Theories). The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model. . . What is “Dark Matter” made of? Measurements in astronomy imply that up to 90% or more of the Universe is not visible – dark matter/energy – nature not known. Where did anti-matter go? And why only three generations Again, the answers are either not known or only partially known The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model. . . What is “Dark Matter” made of? Measurements in astronomy imply that up to 90% or more of the Universe is not visible – dark matter/energy – nature not known. Where did anti-matter go? And why only three generations Again, the answers are either not known or only partially known The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model. . . What is “Dark Matter” made of? Measurements in astronomy imply that up to 90% or more of the Universe is not visible – dark matter/energy – nature not known. Where did anti-matter go? And why only three generations Again, the answers are either not known or only partially known The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model. . . What is “Dark Matter” made of? Measurements in astronomy imply that up to 90% or more of the Universe is not visible – dark matter/energy – nature not known. Where did anti-matter go? And why only three generations Again, the answers are either not known or only partially known The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues More on the Standard Model. . . What is “Dark Matter” made of? Measurements in astronomy imply that up to 90% or more of the Universe is not visible – dark matter/energy – nature not known. Where did anti-matter go? And why only three generations Again, the answers are either not known or only partially known The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Theory of Everything?? The long range goal of physics is to unify all the forces, so that gravity would be combined with the future version of the Grand Unified Theory. Will the LHC provide any clues to this? We have to wait. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Theory of Everything?? The long range goal of physics is to unify all the forces, so that gravity would be combined with the future version of the Grand Unified Theory. Will the LHC provide any clues to this? We have to wait. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Back to the LHC Particles are extremely tiny, to be able to see and study them, scientists need very special tools. ⇒accelerators, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before smashing them into other particles. Around the points where the “smashing” occurs, scientists build experiments to observe and study the collisions⇒ huge instruments, called particle detectors. By accelerating and smashing particles, physicists can identify their components or create new particles, revealing the nature of the interactions between them. By why do we need to accelerate them to such high energies? The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Matter at the subatomic scale Physicists investigate the constituents of matter at the subatomic level, where the typical distances are of the order of the femtometre (0.000000000000001 m, or 10−15 m) or smaller! Ordinary microscope⇒ visible light λ ∼ 10−6 m ⇒ objects smaller cannot be resolved Electron microscope⇒ matter wave of moving electron λ ∼ 10−9 m To “see” objects of the size of electrons and quarks (10−18 , 10−19 m), we need to use particles that have a billion times more energy!!! The smaller the particle you want to see, the more energetic your probe needs to be and hence larger the machine you have to build. This is the reason for the colossal size of the LHC! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Matter at the subatomic scale Physicists investigate the constituents of matter at the subatomic level, where the typical distances are of the order of the femtometre (0.000000000000001 m, or 10−15 m) or smaller! Ordinary microscope⇒ visible light λ ∼ 10−6 m ⇒ objects smaller cannot be resolved Electron microscope⇒ matter wave of moving electron λ ∼ 10−9 m To “see” objects of the size of electrons and quarks (10−18 , 10−19 m), we need to use particles that have a billion times more energy!!! The smaller the particle you want to see, the more energetic your probe needs to be and hence larger the machine you have to build. This is the reason for the colossal size of the LHC! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Matter at the subatomic scale Physicists investigate the constituents of matter at the subatomic level, where the typical distances are of the order of the femtometre (0.000000000000001 m, or 10−15 m) or smaller! Ordinary microscope⇒ visible light λ ∼ 10−6 m ⇒ objects smaller cannot be resolved Electron microscope⇒ matter wave of moving electron λ ∼ 10−9 m To “see” objects of the size of electrons and quarks (10−18 , 10−19 m), we need to use particles that have a billion times more energy!!! The smaller the particle you want to see, the more energetic your probe needs to be and hence larger the machine you have to build. This is the reason for the colossal size of the LHC! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Matter at the subatomic scale Physicists investigate the constituents of matter at the subatomic level, where the typical distances are of the order of the femtometre (0.000000000000001 m, or 10−15 m) or smaller! Ordinary microscope⇒ visible light λ ∼ 10−6 m ⇒ objects smaller cannot be resolved Electron microscope⇒ matter wave of moving electron λ ∼ 10−9 m To “see” objects of the size of electrons and quarks (10−18 , 10−19 m), we need to use particles that have a billion times more energy!!! The smaller the particle you want to see, the more energetic your probe needs to be and hence larger the machine you have to build. This is the reason for the colossal size of the LHC! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Matter at the subatomic scale Physicists investigate the constituents of matter at the subatomic level, where the typical distances are of the order of the femtometre (0.000000000000001 m, or 10−15 m) or smaller! Ordinary microscope⇒ visible light λ ∼ 10−6 m ⇒ objects smaller cannot be resolved Electron microscope⇒ matter wave of moving electron λ ∼ 10−9 m To “see” objects of the size of electrons and quarks (10−18 , 10−19 m), we need to use particles that have a billion times more energy!!! The smaller the particle you want to see, the more energetic your probe needs to be and hence larger the machine you have to build. This is the reason for the colossal size of the LHC! The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The LHC The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The LHC 27 km ring buried 50-170m below ground near Geneva wherein high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams will be smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass. The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons, traveling almost at the speed of light The beams travel in two separate vacuum pipes, except at four collision points where they collide in the hearts of the main experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The detectors can see up to 600 million collision events per second, searching the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought after Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The LHC 27 km ring buried 50-170m below ground near Geneva wherein high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams will be smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass. The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons, traveling almost at the speed of light The beams travel in two separate vacuum pipes, except at four collision points where they collide in the hearts of the main experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The detectors can see up to 600 million collision events per second, searching the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought after Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The LHC 27 km ring buried 50-170m below ground near Geneva wherein high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams will be smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass. The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons, traveling almost at the speed of light The beams travel in two separate vacuum pipes, except at four collision points where they collide in the hearts of the main experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The detectors can see up to 600 million collision events per second, searching the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought after Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The LHC 27 km ring buried 50-170m below ground near Geneva wherein high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams will be smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass. The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons, traveling almost at the speed of light The beams travel in two separate vacuum pipes, except at four collision points where they collide in the hearts of the main experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The detectors can see up to 600 million collision events per second, searching the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought after Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision process At 0.999999991c, bunches (1.15 × 1011 protons) collide head-on at each collison point about 40 million times per second. Each collision only produces about 20 collisions between the protons ⇒ about a billion collisions per second. Of these only about 10-100 are of scientific interest!! Unravelling these from the rest is the real challenge! The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision process At 0.999999991c, bunches (1.15 × 1011 protons) collide head-on at each collison point about 40 million times per second. Each collision only produces about 20 collisions between the protons ⇒ about a billion collisions per second. Of these only about 10-100 are of scientific interest!! Unravelling these from the rest is the real challenge! The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision process At 0.999999991c, bunches (1.15 × 1011 protons) collide head-on at each collison point about 40 million times per second. Each collision only produces about 20 collisions between the protons ⇒ about a billion collisions per second. Of these only about 10-100 are of scientific interest!! Unravelling these from the rest is the real challenge! The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision process At 0.999999991c, bunches (1.15 × 1011 protons) collide head-on at each collison point about 40 million times per second. Each collision only produces about 20 collisions between the protons ⇒ about a billion collisions per second. Of these only about 10-100 are of scientific interest!! Unravelling these from the rest is the real challenge! The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Simulation of a Higgs decay event The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Event filtering and triggers Event size ∼ 1 Mbyte One billion collision ∼ 109 Mbyte of data per second Present technology and budget ∼ 100 Mbytes per second to tape ⇒ factor of 107 on line filtering!!! data readout/year ⇒ ∼ 1 PByte (109 MB) The event trigger is a major technological challenge — depends on signatures like jets, lepton, photons, missing E⊥ . . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The beams are kept in orbit by using superconducting magnets along the path of the beam. The main budget item and a serious technological challenge are the superconducting (1.9 K) dipoles which bend the beams. At 7 TeV these magnets have to produce a field of around 8.4 Tesla (100,000 times the Earth’s magnetic field) at a current of around 11,700 A. There are a total of 1232 such magnets each 14.3m long. The total length of superconducting cable used is ∼ 270,000 km. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Superconducting Magnets The LHC will operate at 1.9K, even colder than outer space. With its 27 km circumference, the accelerator will be the largest superconducting installation in the world It takes months to bring the whole system of magnets down to this temperature. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Superconducting Magnets The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Detectors The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Detectors Two major general purpose detectors CMS:180 inst.,38 countries, ∼ 2000 authors ATLAS:164 inst., 35 countries, ∼ 1800 authors The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Interesting facts about the LHC Typical weight of a detector (CMS) – 13000 tons (30% more than the Eiffel Tower) Typical length of cable used in one detector (ATLAS) – 3000 km Data volume expected per year – few PB (1PB = 106 GB) after filtering The kinetic energy of the beam: (2808 bunches per beam)×1.15 × 1011 protons per bunch ×7TeV (=1.8 ergs)= 377 MJ ⇒ a train of 103 tons going at 140 km/h. Machine temperature– 1.9K (largest cryogenic system in the world) Total cost – 4 billion dollars Total number of involved physicists – 5000 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Fun-facts Vacuum inside LHC beam pipe ∼ 10−10 Torr (MSL: 760 Torr) The moon and snow/water load on the Jura mountains flexes the earth’s crust a little bit (tidal effects on land) which alters the circumference of the LHC ring - these need to be compensated. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Fun-facts Vacuum inside LHC beam pipe ∼ 10−10 Torr (MSL: 760 Torr) The moon and snow/water load on the Jura mountains flexes the earth’s crust a little bit (tidal effects on land) which alters the circumference of the LHC ring - these need to be compensated. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors Fun-facts Vacuum inside LHC beam pipe ∼ 10−10 Torr (MSL: 760 Torr) The moon and snow/water load on the Jura mountains flexes the earth’s crust a little bit (tidal effects on land) which alters the circumference of the LHC ring - these need to be compensated. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues The Collision Process Superconducting Bending Magnets The Detectors The Future First Beam Aug 2008 First Collisions Sep 2008 at 5 TeV First physics run early 2009 Full luminosity and energy physics runs late 2009 The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Theory Issues The very first and major role for the LHC is the discovery of the Higgs boson (if the Tevatron does not get to it first) ⇓ This will merely complete the Standard Model ⇓ Search for New Physics New Physics (Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics) needed to answer many questions → Higgs mass stabilisation, CP violation, dark matter, naturalness, gravity, gauge unification. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues P-P Complications Since the protons have substructure, the collision is a mess We need to separate the known physics to get to the unknown physics The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues P-P Complications Most of 2009 will go in rediscovering the Standard Model at 14 TeV ⇓ Comparing with calculations and generators ⇓ Tuning the generators and from there to understand and calibrate detectors ⇒ The road will discovery will be long and hard.. The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Understanding QCD QCD effects are very large and important at 14 TeV. Need to understand PDF’s Jet Physics Diffraction BFKL studies low x at these energies to get New Physics. In addition, a whole lot on top physics, b physics... The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Higgs Physics Understand the origin of the Electro-weak Symmetry Breaking mechanism The SM has just one Higgs which is a fundamental scalar particle (the first of its kind) - are there others? We hope that the LHC will discover the Higgs at mH < 1TeV Ease of discovery dictated by decay channel and pollution by background The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues New Physics We expect Beyond Standard Model Physics (BSM) around the TeV scale to provide solutions to problems of Higgs mass stabilisation, Gauge hierarchy Unification of couplings Nature of Cold Dark Matter ... The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Supersymmetry For every Standard Model Particle, there is a Supersymmetric partner → selectron, squarks, higgsino . . . Status: Not seen yet, maybe around the corner. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Extra Dimensions Particle physics is confined to a brane and interacts with extra dimensions and other ’hidden dimensions’ through gravitons. (Randall Sundram scenario) In the ADD scenario, one can have graviton production which manifests itself as missing energy. If Planck scale comes down to the TeV region, can have Black Hole production!! Status: Not seen yet, maybe around the corner. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Extra Dimensions Particle physics is confined to a brane and interacts with extra dimensions and other ’hidden dimensions’ through gravitons. (Randall Sundram scenario) In the ADD scenario, one can have graviton production which manifests itself as missing energy. If Planck scale comes down to the TeV region, can have Black Hole production!! Status: Not seen yet, maybe around the corner. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Extra Dimensions Particle physics is confined to a brane and interacts with extra dimensions and other ’hidden dimensions’ through gravitons. (Randall Sundram scenario) In the ADD scenario, one can have graviton production which manifests itself as missing energy. If Planck scale comes down to the TeV region, can have Black Hole production!! Status: Not seen yet, maybe around the corner. . . The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues A Lot of Ideas... There are many other scenarios: Little Higgs Split SUSY Compositeness Technicolor heavy leptons .... Need to identify different signatures for each of these – challenge for theorists and experimentalists. Status: Not seen yet... The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues Summary LHC expected to start “very soon” - at 5 TeV With a factor of 7 jump in energy from present day accelerators, the LHC will (hopefully) provide us a whole new world of TeV physics. Hunt for new physics – but very challenging to unravel different signatures and identify the relevant physics Many years of data taking and analysis ahead of us Theory and Experiment have to work very closely together to make sense of the enormous amount of data that will be produced The Large Hadron Collider The Structure of Matter The Four Forces Final Picture The LHC Theory Issues No better time to get into High Energy Physics