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EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1300-1600 chapter 17, pg.469-500 BY:Kaylynn Wilson World history Dr.Linebarger 1st block Lets embark on a journey back in time, where events of the Renaissance and reformation we will find. Put on your thinking caps, sit back and unwind, today an abound amount of knowledge well dwell through your mind Information center GPS objective; during my oral and visual presentation we will be discussing various events that have occurred during the time era of 1300 and 1600 ( The European Renaissance and reformation). I will state the important facts of the Renaissance and what took place during that time, I will also include what was the cause of the reformation, what happen during reformation, who had the biggest influence on the reformation and how or did if ended. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance The Renaissance was a period in Italy that caused an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought that lasted approximately from 1300 to 1600 Renaissance mean rebirth, and in this context it refers to a revival of art and learning ab Men and women hoped o bring back the ways of the classical Greece and Rome The contribution made during this period led to innovative style of arts and literature The Renaissance spread from northern Italy to the rest of Europe Three advantages included thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and classical Greek and Rome heritage. About the city • Overseas trade, spurred by the crusades, had led to the growth of the large city states in Northern Italy • Had many sizeable towns • North Europe was the urban part and the rest of Europe was rural • Ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution • In the 1300’s the bubonic plague struck cities, killing up to 60% of the population Life as a merchant • Merchants dominated politics • Didn’t inherit social rank • Believed they deserved power and wealth because of their individual merit • Florence was a republican state • Florence came under the rule of one powerful banking family, the Medici. • The Medici family had branch offices throughout Italy and in major cities of Europe,( one of the wealthiest families of Europe, Renaissance time) Scholars, classical, and worldly values Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and literature of the middle ages. As scholars studied manuscripts they became more influenced by classical ideas The study of classical texts led to humanism, an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. Basically it was a theory saying that you had to study in Greek and Latin to better yourself. Instead of trying to make classical texts agree with Christian teachings as medieval scholars had, humanist studied them to understand ancient Greek values Humanist influenced artists and architects to carry out classical traditions They also popularized the study of history, literature, and philosophy People demonstrated their piety by wearing rough clothing and eating plain foods Humanist suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God ( Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanist, some called him the father of renaissance, he was also a great poet, he wrote in both in Italian and in Latin) wealthy people enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine food Many were devoted Catholics The basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular, worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now Many church leaders were secular, some lived in beautiful mansions, threw lavish banquets, and wore expensive clothes Leaders became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artist Merchants and wealthy families also were patrons of the arts aswell Renaissance men and women Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a “ universal man”, later ages called such people “ Renaissance men”. Baldassare Castiglione wrote a book called The Courtier that taught how to become such a person. The book stated that a young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He also should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swords man. According to the book upper class women also should know the classics and be charming. But yet they were not expected to seek fame, however they were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it. Upper-class Renaissance women were better than medieval women. How ever, most Renaissance women had little influence in politics. Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective, which shows three dimensions on a flat surface. Renaissance writers produced works that reflected their time, but they also used techniques that writers rely in today. many writers began to write in vernacular, which was Dante’s native language, Italian. Renaissance writers wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects. Renaissance men and women Renaissance men Baldassare Castiglione Leonardo Da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarioti Raphael Sanizo Renaissance women Isabella d’Este Sofonisba Anguissola Artemisia Gentileschi Victoria Colonna The Northern Renaissance • By 1450 the population of Northern Europe, which had declined due to the bubonic plague, was beginning to grow again • Urban merchants became wealthy • Hundred year’s war between France and England ended in 1453 • Flanders was rich from long-distance trade and the cloth industry • Wealth increased, patronage of artists increased as well • Unified under strong monarchs • Renaissance ideal of humanist inspired some Northern humanist to develop plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values. Artistic ideas, German and Flemish painters • as war in 1494 dragged, on many Italian artists and writers left f or safer life in Northern Renaissance • They brought with them the styles and techniques of the Italian Renaissance • Most famous person to do such was German artists, Albrecht Durer • The popularity or Durer’s work helped to spread Renaissance styles • Durer emphasis upon realism influenced the work of another German artist Hans Holbein • The first great Flemish Renaissance painters was Jan Van Eyck • He developed oil-based paint • Flemish painting reached its peak after 1550 with the work of Pieter Bruegel the elder • He was skillful in portraying large numbers of people During this chapter many reforms were started, many people separated and departed, what was the cause, was the reform that started them all. How did it began and when did it end? Lets find out my friends. Northern writers try to reform society • Italian humanist were very interested in reviving classical languages and classical texts. The northern humanist were criticized for the failure of the Christian church to inspire people to live a Christian life. The criticism produced a new movement know as Christian humanism. The focus of Christian humanism was the reform of society. The humanists promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by both boys and girls. Christian humanists Desiderius Erasmus of Holland Thomas More of England Wrote his most famous work “ The Praised Folly” The booked poked fun at greedy merchants, heart sick, lovers, quarrel some scholars and pompous priests. Believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers Believed everyone should study the bible Tried to show a better model of society In 1516, he wrote the book “ Utopia” Utopia means no place The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out. As well as utopians having little use of money His work was translated in French, German, English, Spanish, and Italian Women’s reform The women’s reform was about women speaking out against the ideal that only males should be sent to school. Christine de Pizan was one of the first highly educated women to earn a living as a writer She was one of the first Europeans to question treatment between male and female The Elizabethan Age • When the renaissance spread to Europe it became known as • • • • • • • the Elizabethan age Queen Elizabeth ruled from 1558 to 1603 She was well educated and spoke, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek She did a lot to support the development of English art and literature The most famous writer of the Elizabethan age was William Shakespeare He wrote plays, poetry, and was a performer His work displays a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings Plays include: Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Rome and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Taming of The Shrew That’s my printing press • Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. Gutenberg printed a complete bible, the Gutenberg bible in about 1455. It was the first full sized book printed with movable type. Printing Press enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies of a single work. The legacy of the renaissance The European Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change. Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome Printing changed society by making more information available and cheap Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways Christian humanists attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts, led to further discoveries The arts praised individual achievement Luther leads the reformation • • • • Reformation means change. 1500 church weakened Printing press spreads secular ideas Rulers began to challenge power of church • Segregation between the Roman catholic church and French orthodox church Who is Martin Luther? Martin Luther was a man who questioned the way that the catholic church did things. He was a monk and a teacher. Martin Luther only wanted to be a good Christian, not to lead a religious reformation. He was the “ main man” in what is called the religious reformation. Corruption in the church Indulgence was a pardon, it released a sinner from performing the penalty that priest imposed for sin. Popes were not only popes but they were also pimps. Made up their own words to the bible Lutheran’s response to the corruption Luther didn’t agree with the indulgences that Johann Tetzel created, so he took action. Luther's action became the reformation, a movement from religious reform. It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority. Luther soon went beyond criticizing indulgences, he wanted full reform of the church. Luther’s teachings • People could win salvation only by faith in God’s Gift or forgiveness. The church taught that faith and “ Good works” were need for salvation • All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities • All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them The response to Luther Luther's ideas spread rapidly They saw that Luther’s idea was a way to change Many people had been unhappy with the church for political and economic reasons Suggested that Christians drive the pope out by force Luther translated the new testament of the bible church officials viewed Luther as a rebellious monk Saw him as a threat Pope Leo issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his word ( Luther didn’t take back a word ) Leo Excommunicated Luther, he was an outlaw and heretic No one in the empire was allowed to give Luther food or shelter All books were burned The emperor was ignored and wishes weren’t granted After opposition, Germany at war Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1522. he discovered many of his practices and ideas were being put into affect. instead of continuing to seek reform Luther and the followers became a separate religion called Lutherans. Many northern German Princes supported Lutheranism. Some princes genuinely shared Luther’s beliefs, others liked Luther’s ideas for selfish reasons. They saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize church property and to assert their independence from Charles V. princes who stayed loyal to the popes agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas. These protesting princes came to be known as protestants, the term protestant was applied to Christians who belonged to non catholic churches. Still determined that his subjects remain catholic, Charles v. went to war against the protestant princes. Even though he defeated them in 1547 he failed to force them back into the catholic church. Charles ordered all German princes, both protestant and catholic, to assemble in the city of Augsburg. There the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg. Henry wants a son Henry became king of England in 1509, he was a devoted catholic. He disagreed with Luther’s ideas. In consideration of Henry's support the pope gave him the title “ defender of faith”. Political needs tested his religious loyalty. Henry asked the pope to annul, or set aside his marriage so that he could marry a younger women and have a son to claim the throne when he died, the pope denied. Henry called a parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the pope’s power in England, known as the reformation parliament. The council agreed with the parliament, Henry became head of England's church. Unwanted daughter restores England • After Henry’s in 1547, each of his three children ruled England in turn. This of course created conflict such as religious turmoil. Henry’s son almost in ill health , Edward reigned for just six years. Mary daughter of Catherine of Aragon, took the throne in 1553. She was a catholic who returned the English church to the rule of the pope. Her efforts met with considerable resistance, and she had many protestants executed. When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn’s daughter, inherited the throne. She was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism. In 1559, parliament followed Elizabeth's wishes and set up the church of England, or Anglican church, with Elizabeth as its head. By taking this moderate approach, Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England. The reformation continues When Martin Luther posted his 95 theses in 1517, john Calvin had been only eight years of age Calvin grew up to have as much influence in the spread of Protestantism as Luther did Calvin believed that god has known since the beginning of time who will be saved, the doctrine is called predestination The religion based on Calvin’s teachings is called Calvinism Calvin spread’s his ideas • • • • • • • • Calvin lead reformation in Switzerland Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, a government controlled by religious leaders In 1541 protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city Calvin and his follower’s ran the city with strict rules: no one was allowed to play card games, or bright coloring, everyone attended religious classes Authorities would excommunicate, imprison, or banish those who broke such rules Any one who preached different doctrines might be burned at stake The city was a model city of highly moral citizens Scottish preacher John Knox started to take on Calvin's example of a model city an ran their city the same, John Knox named his followers Presbyterians The catholic reformation • The counter reformation was also known as the Catholic reformation, ( helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the catholic church to reform its self ). Jesuits was a religious order for the pope’s followers called the society of Jesus. Their role was to find schools throughout Europe, convert non Christians to Catholicism, and to stop the spread of Protestantism. From 1545 to 1563 at the Council of Trent, catholic bishops and cardinals came together to agree of several doctrines: 1. the church’s interpretation of the bible was final, any Christian who substituted his or her own was a heretic, 2. Christians needed fait and good works for salvation, they weren’t saved by faith alone, as Luther argued, 3. the bible and church traditions were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life, 4. indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the false selling of indulgences was banned. The legacy of reformation Reformation had an enduring impact Through its social, religious, and political effects, the reformation set the stage for modern world It ended Christian unity in Europe and left it culturally divided Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed Church’s moral and political authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power Development of modern nations-states